Methods of producing jet fuel from natural oil feedstocks through metathesis reactions

1. A method of producing a jet fuel composition comprising:

providing a feedstock comprising natural oil glycerides or derivatives thereof, wherein the derivatives are obtained by saponification, esterification, hydrogenation, isomerization, oxidation, reduction, or a combination thereof;

reacting the feedstock with a low-weight olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to provide a metathesized product having metathesized glycerides or metathesized derivatives thereof, wherein the metathesized glycerides or metathesized derivatives thereof comprise ester, acid, or alcohol moieties; and

hydrogenating the metathesized product under conditions sufficient to provide a jet fuel composition, wherein at least a portion of the metathesized glycerides or the metathesized derivatives thereof having the ester, acid, or alcohol moieties are converted into paraffin, and

wherein the jet fuel composition comprises a carbon number distribution between 5 and 16 carbon numbers.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition has an energy density of greater than 40 MJ/kg.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising isomerizing the jet fuel composition, wherein a fraction of normal-paraffin compounds in the jet fuel composition are isomerized into iso-paraffin compounds.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising separating C 18 +compounds and water from the jet fuel composition.

5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising isomerizing the jet fuel composition after the separating, wherein a fraction of normal-paraffin compounds in the jet fuel composition are isomerized into iso-paraffin compounds.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition is a kerosene-type jet fuel and wherein the carbon number distribution is between 8 and 16 carbon numbers.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the kerosene-type jet fuel has:

a flash point between approximately 38° C. and 66° C.;

an auto ignition temperature of approximately 210° C.; and

a freeze point between approximately −47° C. and −40° C.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition is a naphtha-type jet fuel and wherein the carbon number distribution is between 5 and 15 carbon numbers.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the naphtha-type jet fuel has:

a flash point between approximately −23° C. and 0° C.;

an auto ignition temperature of approximately 250° C.; and

a freeze point of approximately −65° C.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low-weight olefin comprises at least one low-weight olefin selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, and 2-butene.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low-weight olefin is an alpha-olefin.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low-weight olefin comprises 1-butene.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low-weight olefin comprises at least one branched olefin having a carbon number between 4 and 10.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition comprises cyclic 6-carbon compounds.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition has approximately greater than 20 wt % C 10 compounds.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the jet fuel composition has approximately greater than 80 wt % C 9 -C 15 alkanes.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the natural oil glycerides are natural oil triglycerides.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the natural oil glyceride derivatives are fatty acid methyl esters.

19. A method of producing a jet fuel composition comprising:

providing a feedstock comprising natural oil glycerides or derivatives thereof, wherein the derivatives are obtained by saponification, esterification, hydrogenation, isomerization, oxidation, reduction, or a combination thereof;

reacting the feedstock with a low-weight olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to provide a metathesized product having metathesized glycerides or metathesized derivatives thereof, wherein the metathesized glycerides or metathesized derivatives thereof comprise ester, acid, or alcohol moieties;

hydrogenating the metathesized product under conditions sufficient to provide a jet fuel composition, wherein at least a portion of the metathesized glycerides or the metathesized derivatives thereof having the ester, acid, or alcohol moieties are converted into paraffin, and

separating water from the jet fuel composition, wherein the jet fuel composition comprises a carbon number distribution between 5 and 16 carbon numbers; and

after the separating, isomerizing the jet fuel composition, wherein a fraction of normal-paraffin compounds in the jet fuel composition are isomerized into iso-paraffin compounds.

20. A method of producing a jet fuel composition comprising:

providing a feedstock comprising natural oil glycerides;

reacting the feedstock with a low-weight olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to provide a metathesized product having metathesized glycerides having ester moieties; and

hydrogenating the metathesized product at a temperature greater than 25° C., wherein at least a portion of the metathesized glycerides having the ester moieties are converted into paraffin;

cooling the at least partially hydrogenated product to an ambient temperature between 20-25° C.; and

repeating the hydrogenating and the cooling at least one cycle to increase the portion of the metathesized glycerides converted into paraffin and provide a jet fuel composition, wherein the jet fuel composition comprises a carbon number distribution between 5 and 16 carbon numbers.