Methods, apparatus and sensor for measurement of cardiovascular quantities
The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatus and sensor for measurement of cardiovascular quantities. In particular, a method for determining one or more cardiovascular quantities is disclosed, the method comprising determining the distension of a vessel enclosed by tissue having a skin surface, wherein determining the distension is based on a first sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between a first electrode and a second electrode; determining the vascular stiffness of the vessel; and determining the blood pressure based on the distension and the vascular stiffness of the vessel.
1. A sensor for determining one or more cardiovascular quantities, comprising at least vascular stiffness of a vessel of a living being, the vessel being enclosed by tissue having a skin surface, comprising:
said sensor being adapted for providing at least a first sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between electrodes in that the sensor comprises a first electrode at a first position and a second electrode at a second position with a distance D of at least 3 cm center to center between the first electrode and the second electrode, such that during use lines of flux between the first electrode and the second electrode substantially extend through and cross said vessel, and said sensor comprising a readout circuit having a first connection to the first electrode and a second connection to the second electrode, the readout circuit being configured for recording changes in capacitance between the first electrode and the second electrode, for a determination of a distension of the vessel based on at least said first sensor signal,
said sensor being adapted for providing a second sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between electrodes, the sensor comprises
a third electrode provided at a third electrode position adapted to be positioned at a predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode, such that during use lines of flux substantially extend through and cross the vessel between said second electrode and said third electrode, and said third electrode having a third connection to said readout circuit, the readout circuit being configured for recording changes in capacitance between the third electrode and the second electrode, or
a third electrode adapted to be displaced at a predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode at a third electrode position and a fourth electrode at a fourth electrode position at the predetermined distance (d ppv ) from said first electrode such that lines of flux between the third electrode and the fourth electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel, and said third electrode having a third connection to said readout circuit, the readout circuit being configured for recording changes in capacitance between the third electrode and the fourth electrode,
wherein the sensor is adapted such that said first and second sensor signals are temporally displaced with a delay (τ),
wherein said sensor signals are suitable for performing determination of a pulse propagation velocity (ν) based on a calculation of said predetermined distance (d ppv ) divided by said delay (τ) between said first sensor signal and said second sensor signal, and
wherein said sensor signals further are suitable for determining vascular stiffness based on the performed determination of the pulse propagation velocity (ν).
2. A sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the predetermined distance (d ppv ) is larger than 2 mm.
3. A sensor according to claim 1 , comprising a carrier carrying said first electrode and said second electrode.
4. A sensor according to claim 3 , said carrier having a first electrically insulating layer with a first surface wherein the first electrically insulating layer is insulating the first electrode and the second electrode from the first surface.
5. A sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the carrier comprises a second layer and the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged between the first electrically insulating layer and the second layer.
6. A sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are embedded in the first electrically insulating layer.
7. A sensor according to claim 4 , wherein the first surface of the carrier has an adhesive coating.
8. A sensor according to claim 3 , wherein the carrier is a common carrier, and wherein said first electrode, said second electrode and said third electrode are embedded in the common carrier.
9. A sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are formed as plate electrodes of metal sheets having an area from 10 mm 2 to 1600 mm 2 .
10. A sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor is flexible and capable of substantially contouring to the skin surface of the living being.
11. A sensor according to claim 1 , comprising additional electrodes, adapted for reference measurements, and positioned such that main field lines do not extend through and cross large arteries, veins or parts disturbing measurements.
12. A blood pressure measurement system for determining one or more cardiovascular quantities, comprising at least vascular stiffness of a vessel of a living being, the vessel being enclosed by tissue having a skin surface, comprising a sensor according to claim 1 and an apparatus comprising a user interface, a processor connected to the user interface, and a memory connected to the processor, wherein the processor is configured for determining said distension of the vessel, and a reading unit for reading one or more sensor signals from said sensor readout circuit, wherein the system is configured to perform a method comprising:
positioning said first electrode at said first position on the skin surface, positioning said second electrode at said second position on the skin surface such that said lines of flux between said first electrode and said second electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel and recording said first sensor signal indicating said capacitance variations between said first electrode and said second electrode for determining the distension of the vessel based on at least said first sensor signal, and either
positioning said third electrode displaced at said predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode at said third electrode position on the skin surface, such that said lines of flux between said third electrode and said second electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel, and recording said second sensor signal indicating said capacitance variations between said second electrode and said third electrode, or
positioning said third electrode displaced at said predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode at said third electrode position on the skin surface and said fourth electrode at said fourth electrode position on the skin surface at the predetermined distance (d ppv ) from said second electrode such that said lines of flux between said third electrode and said fourth electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel and recording said second sensor signal indicating said capacitance variations between said third electrode and said fourth electrode,
wherein said first and second sensor signals are temporally displaced with said delay (τ),
and wherein the processor is configured for determining said pulse propagation velocity (ν) based on said calculation of said predetermined distance (d ppv ) divided by said delay (τ) between said first sensor signal and said second sensor signal, and wherein said processor further is adapted for determining said vascular stiffness based on said performed determination of said pulse propagation velocity (ν).
13. A system according to claim 12 , said processor further being configured for determining a blood pressure based on the distension and the vascular stiffness of said vessel.
14. A system according to claim 13 , said processor further being configured for determining vascular compliance based on corresponding values of the distension and the blood pressure.
15. A method for determining one or more cardiovascular quantities, comprising at least vascular stiffness of a vessel of a living being, the vessel being enclosed by tissue having a skin surface, the method comprising:
positioning a first electrode at a first position on the skin surface, positioning a second electrode at a second position on the skin surface wherein a distance D from the second position to the first position is at least 3 cm such that lines of flux between the first electrode and the second electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel and recording a first sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between said first electrode and said second electrode for determining a distension of the vessel based on at least said first sensor signal, and either
positioning a third electrode displaced at a predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode at a third electrode position on the skin surface, such that lines of flux between the third electrode and the second electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel, and recording a second sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between said second electrode and said third electrode, or
positioning said third electrode displaced at said predetermined distance (d ppv ) along the vessel from said first electrode at said third electrode position on the skin surface and a fourth electrode at a fourth electrode position on the skin surface at the predetermined distance along the vessel from said second electrode such that lines of flux between the third electrode and the fourth electrode substantially extend through and cross the vessel, and recording said second sensor signal indicating capacitance variations between said third electrode and said fourth electrode,
wherein said first and second sensor signals are temporally displaced with a delay (τ),
determining a pulse propagation velocity (ν) based on a calculation of said predetermined distance (d ppv ) divided by said delay (τ) between said first sensor signal and said second sensor signal, and
determining said vascular stiffness of said vessel based on the determined pulse propagation velocity (ν).
16. A method according to claim 15 , further comprising determining a blood pressure based on a combination of said determination of vascular stiffness of the vessel and said determination of the distension of said vessel.
17. A method according to claim 16 , further comprising determining vascular compliance based on corresponding values of said distension and said blood pressure.
18. A method according to claim 15 , wherein the first electrode position is at an inner wrist and the second electrode position an outer wrist or alternatively wherein the first electrode position and the second electrode position both are on a neck.