High-energy non-aqueous batteries containing ion-conducting gels, and method for preparing and using same

1. A method for the preparation of a composite electrode comprising:

a. a step of pouring onto a composite electrode containing an electrolyte a medium comprising:

at least one ionic liquid and optionally,

at least one solvent, or

at least one polymer or

a mixture of at least one solvent and one polymer, said medium also comprising at least one salt selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and magnesium, with

i. either at least one inorganic molecular precursor containing at least one hydrolysable group, in the absence of an acid and optionally in the presence of a catalyst for reducing polycondensation time,

ii. or at least one polymerizable monomer,

iii. or a mixture of the at least one inorganic molecular precursor and the at least on polymerizable monomer,

said medium being present in an amount is sufficient to impregnate pores of said composite electrode and to form a film on the surface of said composite electrode,

b. a step of in situ polycondensation of the at least one inorganic molecular precursor or a step of polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer or of the mixture of the at least one inorganic molecular precursor and the at least on polymerizable monomer by standing for a duration of up to nine days until an ion-conducting gel is obtained containing an electrolyte of the ionic liquid and the at least one salt and optionally the at least one solvent or the at least one polymer or the mixture of the at least one solvent or the at least one polymer, said ion-conducting gel being situated both within the pores of said composite electrode and as a layer in contact with said composite electrode in order to obtain a continuous matrix between the electrolyte contained within said composite electrode and the electrolyte of the ion-conducting gel situated in contact with said composite electrode, and optionally

c. a step of eliminating water until the ion-conducting gel has a water content of less than 50 ppm.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the medium comprises said at least one ionic liquid, without said at least one solvent or said at least one polymer.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one salt contained in the medium is a lithium salt.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one ionic liquid has a cation selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium ring, a pyridinium ring, a pyrrolidinium ring and a piperidinium ring, said ring being capable of being substituted on the nitrogen atom by one or two alkyl groups with 1 to 8 carbon atoms and on the carbon atoms by one or more alkyl groups with 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the at least one ionic liquid has an anion selected from the group consisting of halides, perfluorated anions and borates.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one inorganic molecular precursor is an element of periods selected from the group consisting of 3, 4 and 5 of the periodic table.

7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the at least one inorganic molecular precursor is a compound of general formula:

R′ x (RO) 4-x Si

in which:

x is an integer varying from 0 to 4,

R represents an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and

R′ represents:

an alkyl group comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or

an aryl group comprising 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or

a halogen atom.

8. The method according to claim 2 , characterized in that the at least one salt contained in the medium is a lithium salt.