Boron-doped diamond coated catalyst support

1. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell, comprising:

a catalyst layer having a catalyst support that comprises:

a high surface area refractory material core structure having an outer surface, wherein the high surface area refractory material core structure contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal borides, metal nitrides, metal silicides, metal carbides and combinations thereof; and

boron-doped diamond (BDD) modifying the high surface area refractory material core structure, wherein the BDD forms a layer that covers a majority of the outer surface of the core structure.

2. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the high surface area refractory material core structure of the catalyst support has a surface area between about 10 and about 2000 m 2 /g.

3. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the high surface area refractory material core structure of the catalyst support contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , WO 3 , TaO 2 , Nb 2 O 3 , TaPO x , BPD x , ZrPO x , TiPO x , TiB 2 , TiC, WC, WSi, BC, BN, SiC, ZrN, TaB 2 and NbC.

4. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the BDD is a continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

5. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the BDD of the catalyst support is a non-continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

6. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the BDD of the catalyst support has a conductivity greater than about 0.05 Siemens/centimeter (S/cm) at temperatures equal to or greater than about 100° C.

7. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the BDD of the catalyst support has a conductivity greater than about 0.1 Siemens/centimeter (S/cm) at temperatures equal to or less than about 100° C.

8. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst layer further comprises:

a catalyst deposited onto the catalyst support.

9. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 8 , wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of platinum and binary, ternary and quaternary platinum alloys.

10. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 8 , wherein the BDD of the catalyst support is a continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

11. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell of claim 8 , wherein the BDD of the catalyst support is a non-continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

12. A fuel cell comprising:

an anode;

a cathode;

an anode catalyst layer; and

a cathode catalyst layer, wherein at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer comprise:

a catalyst support structure including a high surface area refractory material core structure having an outer surface, wherein the high surface area refractory material core structure contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal borides, metal nitrides, metal silicides, metal carbides and combinations thereof;

boron-doped diamond (BDD) modifying the high surface area refractory material core structure, wherein the BDD forms a layer that covers a majority of the outer surface of the core structure; and

catalyst particles dispersed on the catalyst support structure.

13. The fuel cell of claim 12 , wherein the high surface area refractory material core structure contains at the at least one compound selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , WO 3 , TaO 2 , Nb 2 O 3 , TaPO x , BPD x , ZrPO x , TiPO x , TiB 2 , TiC, WC, WSi, BC, BN, SiC, ZrN, TaB 2 and NbC.

14. The fuel cell according to claim 12 , wherein the BDD is a continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

15. The fuel cell according to claim 12 , wherein the BDD is a non-continuous layer on the outer surface of the high surface area refractory material core structure.

16. The fuel cell of claim 12 , wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of platinum and binary, ternary and quaternary platinum alloys.