MODIFIED CARBON NANOTUBES, METHODS FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF AND PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREFROM
The present invention relates to the exfoliation and dispersion of carbon nanotubes resulting in high aspect ratio, surface-modified carbon nanotubes that are readily dispersed in various media. A method is disclosed for their production in high yield. Further modifications by surface active or modifying agents are also disclosed. Application of the carbon nanotubes of this invention as composites with materials such as elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics are also described.
1 . A plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 500, and a oxidation level of from about 3 weight % to about 15 weight %.
2 . The fibers of claim 1 wherein a neutralized water treatment of the fibers results in a pH of from about 3 to about 9, preferably from about 4 to about 8.
3 . The fibers of claim 1 wherein the oxidation species comprises carboxylic acid or derivative carboxylate groups.
4 . The fibers of claim 1 wherein the fibers are discrete individual fibers, not entangled as a mass.
5 . A plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250 and a oxidation level of from about 3 wt % to about 15 wt %, wherein the fibers are mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination step thereof, with at least one epoxy resin to form an epoxy/nanotube composite.
6 . A plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio of from about 25 to about 250 and a oxidation level of from about 3 wt % to about 15 wt %, wherein the fibers are mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination step thereof, with at least one rubber compound to form a rubber/nanotube composite.
7 . The fibers of claim 1 comprising a residual metal concentration of less than about 1000 ppm.
8 . The fibers of claim 1 comprising a residual metal concentration of less than about 100 ppm.
9 . The fibers of claim 1 comprising open ended carbon nanotube fibers.
10 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein a mat of said fibers are electrically conductive.
11 . The fibers of claim 10 , wherein said mat has an electrical conductivity of a east 0.1 Siemens/cm and as high as about 100 Siemens/cm.
12 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein said fibers have an average diameter of from about 0.6 nanometers to about 30 nanometers.
13 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein said fibers have an average length of from about 50 nanometers to about 10000 nanometers.
14 . A method for preparing carbon nanotube fibers, said method comprising:
a) suspending entangled non-discrete multi-wall carbon nanotube fibers in an acidic solution for a time period;
b) optionally agitating said composition;
c) sonically treating said suspended nanotube fiber composition to form discrete carbon nanotube fibers; and
d) isolating the resultant discrete carbon nanotube fibers from the composition prior to further treatment using solid/liquid separations, wherein said separations comprise, filtration and centrifugation.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the acidic solution comprises a solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the nitric acid is present in a dry basis of from about 10 weight % to about 50 weight %, preferably from about 15 weight % to about 30 weight %.
17 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the sonic treatment is performed at an energy input of from about 200 to about 600 Joules/gram of suspended composition.
18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the non-discrete carbon nanotube fibers are present in a concentration of from greater than zero to less than about 4 weight percent of the suspended nanotube fiber composition.
19 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the suspended discrete nanotube fiber composition in the acidic solution is controlled at a specific temperature environment.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the specific temperature environment is from about 15 to 65° C., preferably from about 25° to about 35° C.
21 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said method comprises a batch, semi-batch, or continuous method.
22 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition is in contact with the acidic solution from about 1 hour to about 5 hours.
23 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said isolated resultant discrete carbon nanotube fibers from the composition prior to further treatment comprises at least about 10 weight percent water.
24 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are at least partially surface modified or coated with at least one surfactant.
25 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are completely surface modified or coated.
26 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are at least partially surface modified or coated with at least one modifier.
27 . The fibers of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are completely surface modified or coated.
28 . The fibers of claim 24 , wherein the surfactant or modifier is hydrogen bonded, covalently bonded, or ionically bonded to the carbon nanotube fibers.
29 . The fibers of claim 24 , wherein said coating is substantially uniform.
30 . The fibers of claim 24 , wherein the fibers are further mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination method thereof, with at least one elastomer to form an elastomer nanotube fiber composition.
31 . The fibers of claim 30 wherein the elastomers comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or rubber compounds comprising fillers of carbon or silicon compounds, and wherein a fiber surface modifier or the surfactant is chemically, physically, or both, bonded to the elastomer, an isolated fibers, or any fillers present.
32 . The elastomer nanotube fiber composition of claim 30 wherein said modifier or surfactant is chemically bonded to said elastomer, said nanotube fiber, or both.
33 . The fibers of claim 24 , wherein the fibers are further mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination method thereof, with at least one other material to form a material/nanotube fiber composition.
34 . The material nanotube fiber composition of claim 32 , wherein said modifier or surfactant is chemically bonded to said material or said nanotube fiber.
35 . The fibers of claim 24 , wherein the fibers are further mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination method thereof, with at least one epoxy to form an epoxy/nanotube fiber composition.
36 . The epoxy/nanotube fiber composition of claim 35 , wherein said modifier or surfactant is chemically bonded to said epoxy, said nanotube fiber, or both.
37 . The epoxy/nanotube fiber composition of claim 35 , wherein said composition has a fatigue crack failure resistance of at least 2 to about 20 times the fatigue crack failure resistance of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes.
38 . The epoxy/nanotube fiber composition of claim 35 , w herein said composition has a coefficient of expansion in at least one dimension of at least ⅔ to ⅓ that of the epoxy tested without carbon nanotubes in the same dimension.
39 . The elastomer/nanotube fiber composition of claim 30 , wherein said composition has a fatigue crack failure resistance of at least 2 to about 20 times the fatigue crack failure resistance of the elastomer tested without carbon nanotubes.
40 . A material-nanocomposite fiber composition of claim 32 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composition has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the material without carbon nanotubes tested similarly.
41 . An elastomer-nanocomposite fiber composition of claim 30 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composition has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the elastomer without carbon nanotubes tested similarly.
42 . An epoxy-nanocomposite fiber composition of claim 35 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composition has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the epoxy without carbon nanotubes tested similarly.
43 . An epoxy-nanocomposite fiber composition of claim 35 bonded to a substrate, wherein said composition has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the epoxy without carbon nanotubes tested similarly.
44 . The fibers of claim 24 wherein the fibers are further mixed, blended, sonicated, or a combination method thereof, with at least one elastomer and an inorganic nanoplate to form an elastomer nanotube fiber and nanoplate composition.
45 . The elastomer nanotube fiber and nanoplate composition of claim 30 , wherein the carbon nanotube and/or nanoplate is chemically bonded to said elastomer.
46 . A cyano-acrylate containing material containing fibers of claim 24 bonded to a substrate wherein said composition has an adhesive or cohesive strength of at least two times greater that of the cyano-acrylate containing material without carbon nanotubes tested similarly.
47 . The carbon nanotube fibers of claim 1 comprising single, double, or multi-wall fibers.