Use of dibenzofurans and dibenzothiophenes substituted by nitrogen-bonded five-membered heterocyclic rings in organic electronics

1. An organic light-emitting diode, comprising:

at least one compound of formula (I):

wherein

X is S or O;

R 1 and R 2 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, —NR 3 R 4 , —P(O)R 5 R 6 , —PR 7 R 8 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —S(O)R 10 , —SR 11 or —OR 12 , or a C group;

R 3 , R 4 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

or

R 3 and R 4 form, together with the nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group with donor or acceptor action and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action;

R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently aryl,

heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,

m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

p is 1 or 2, wherein m+p is ≦4,

C is a five-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic radical of formula (II)

wherein

A 1 is independently CR a , N or NR b ;

A 2 is independently CR c , N or NR d ;

A 3 is independently CR e , N or NR f ;

A 4 is independently CR g , N or NR h

R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and R h are each independently hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer;

or

one combination of 2 R groups selected from the group consisting of

(R a or R b ) and (R c or R d ),

(R e or R f ) and (R g or R h ), and

(R c or R d ) and (R e or R f )

may optionally form, together with the carbon or nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action, and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action;

wherein the C group is bonded in the 2 and/or 4 position,

or

two units of the general formula (I) are bridged to one another via a bond, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated bridge optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom or via O, wherein this bridge in the general formula (I) is bonded in place of R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h or via and/or in place of R 1 or R 2 , in monomeric, polymerized or crosslinked form.

2. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is independently aryl selected from phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indenyl and fluorenyl which each may be unsubstituted substituted at one, more than one or all substitutable positions, heteroaryl selected from pyridine radicals, pyrimidine radicals, pyrrole radicals, furan radicals, pyrazole radicals, imidazole radicals, thiophene radicals, oxazole radicals, thiazole radicals, triazole radicals, benzofuryl radicals, benzothienyl radicals, benzopyrrolyl radicals, dibenzofuryl radicals, phenanthrolinyl radicals, carbazolyl radicals, azacarbazolyl radicals and diazacarbazoyl radicals which may be unsubstituted or substituted at one, more than one or all substitutable positions, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, —NR 3 R 4 , —P(O)R 5 R 6 , —PR 7 R 8 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —S(O)R 10 , —SR 11 or —OR 12 ;

R 3 and R 4 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl,

a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or R 3 and R 4 form, together

with the nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be

unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,

heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group with donor or acceptor action and/or may be

fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused

radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from

alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group

bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action;

R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl,

cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,

m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

p is 1 or 2, wherein m+p is ≦4,

C is a five-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic radical of formula (II)

wherein

A 1 is independently CR a , N or NR b ;

A 2 is independently CR c , N or NR d ;

A 3 is independently CR e , N or NR f ;

A 4 is independently CR g , N or NR h

R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and R h are each independently hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

wherein the C group is bonded in the 2 and/or 4 position.

3. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein n is 1.

4. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein m is 0.

5. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein X is O.

6. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein

R 1 is —NR 3 R 4 ; and

R 3 and R 4 form, together with the nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring

atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from

alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group with donor or acceptor

action and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring

atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more

substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor

or

acceptor action.

7. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azacarbazolyl, diazacarbazolyl and diphenylamine, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer or a group with donor or acceptor action.

8. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein the C group is:

9. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 8 , wherein the C group is:

wherein

R a is not

10. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein the C group is:

11. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 10 , wherein in the group

R g , R e are H, and

R a is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer.

12. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein the C group is:

with the proviso that a compound of the following formula is excluded:

13. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of R a , R c , R e and R g is aryl.

14. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 2 , wherein

R 1 is —NR 3 R 4 , and

R 3 and R 4 form, together with the nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group with donor or acceptor action and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action, and

n is 1.

15. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of the general formula (I) is selected from

wherein X is S or O.

16. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 , comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as host, blocker and/or charge transport material.

17. A compound of formula (III)

wherein

X is S or O;

R 2 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, —NR 3 R 4 , —P(O)R 5 R 6 , —PR 7 R 8 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —S(O)R 10 , —SR 11 or —OR 12 ,

R 3 , R 4 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

or R 3 and R 4 form, together with the nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group with donor or acceptor action and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, and a group with donor or acceptor action;

R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently aryl,

heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or

polymerizable group bonded via a spacer,

R 13 , R 14 are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, —NR 3 R 4 , —P(O)R 5 R 6 , —PR 7 R 8 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —S(O)R 10 , —SR 11 or —OR 12 ,

m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

p is 1 or 2, wherein m+p is ≦4,

q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,

r is 0,1, 2, 3 or 4,

s is 1,2, 3 or 4,

C is a five-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic radical of formula (II)

wherein

A 1 is independently CR a , N or NR b ;

A 2 is independently CR c , N or NR d ;

A 3 is independently CR e , N or NR f ;

A 4 is independently CR g , N or NR h

R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and R h are each independently hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer;

or

one combination of 2R groups selected from the group consisting of

(R a or R b ) and (R c or R d ),

(R e or R f ) and (R g or R h ), and

(R c or R d ) and (R e or R f )

may optionally form, together with the carbon or nitrogen atom, a cyclic radical which has 3 to 10 ring atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action, and/or may be fused to one or more further cyclic radicals having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the fused radicals may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a crosslinkable or polymerizable group bonded via a spacer, or a group with donor or acceptor action;

wherein the C group is bonded in the 2 and/or 4 position,

or

two units of the general formula (III) are bridged to one another via a bond, a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated bridge optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom or via O, wherein this bridge in the general formula (III) is bonded in place of R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 13 , R 14 or via and/or in place of R 2 .

18. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein

R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and R h are each independently hydrogen,

aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, a crosslinkable or

polymerizable group bonded via a spacer.

19. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein

s is 1;

p is 1; and

m is 0.

20. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein the C group is:

21. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein the C group is:

22. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein the C group is

23. A compound according to claim 17 , wherein a carbazolyl substituent (IV)

is present bonded in the 8 position of the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene base skeleton.

24. A compound according to claim 17 , which is selected from the following group

wherein X is S or O.

25. A process for preparing compounds of the formula (III) according to claim 17 , wherein the at least one carbazolyl radical (IV)

and the optionally substituted five-membered nitrogen heterocycle C are introduced into a base skeleton of the formula (V) according to one of the following variants a) or b)

wherein X is S or O,

variant a)

ia) preparation of a precursor compound suitable for introduction of the carbazolyl radical(s) (IV), and optionally of the R 2 radical(s) and of the C radical(s),

iia) introduction of the carbazolyl radical(s) (IV),

iiia) introduction of the C radical(s) or of a precursor thereof, and, if present, introduction of the R 2 radical(s),

iva) optionally, conversion of the precursor of C to the C radical,

or

variant b)

ib) preparation of a precursor compound suitable for introduction of the carbazolyl radical(s) (IV), and optionally of the R 2 radical(s) and of the C radical(s),

iib) introduction of the C radical(s) or of a precursor thereof,

iiib) introduction of the carbazolyl radical(s) (IV), and, if present, introduction of the R 2 radical(s),

ivb) optionally, conversion of the precursor of C to the C radical.

26. A crosslinked or polymerized material which comprises units of the general formula (III) according to claim 17 .

27. Formulations for liquid-processed applications in organic electronics a compound of the general formula (III) according to claim 17 .

28. An organic light-emitting diode comprising at least one compound of the formula (III) according to claim 17 .

29. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 28 , comprising an anode An and a cathode Ka and at least one light-emitting layer E arranged between the anode An and the cathode Ka, and optionally at least one further layer selected from the group consisting of at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons, at least one blocking layer for electrons/excitons, at least one hole injection layer, at least one hole conductor layer, at least one electron injection layer and at least one electron conductor layer, wherein the at least one compound of the formula (III) is present in the electron conductor layer and/or light-emitting layer E and/or in at least one of the further layers.

30. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 28 , wherein at least one compound of the formula (III) is present in the electron conductor layer and/or in the light-emitting layer and/or in the at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons.

31. A light-emitting layer comprising at least one compound of the formula (III) according to claim 17 .

32. A blocking layer for holes/excitons, comprising at least one compound of the formula (III) according to claim 17 .

33. An electron-conducting layer comprising at least one compound of the formula (III) according to claim 17 .

34. A device selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units; keyboards; garments; furniture

and wallpaper, comprising at least one organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 .

35. A crosslinked or polymerized material which comprises units of the general formula (I) as defined in claim 1 .

36. Formulations for liquid-processed applications in organic electronics comprising a compound of the general formula (I) as defined in claim 1 .

37. Formulations for liquid-processed applications in organic electronics comprising a material according to claim 26 .

38. An organic light-emitting diode comprising a material according to claim 26 .

39. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 1 comprising an anode An and a cathode Ka and at least one light-emitting layer E arranged between the anode An and the cathode Ka, and optionally at least one further layer selected from the group consisting of at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons, at least one blocking layer for electrons/excitons, at least one hole injection layer, at least one hole conductor layer, at least one electron injection layer and at least one electron conductor layer, wherein the at least one compound of the formula (I) is present in the electron conductor layer and/or light-emitting layer E and/or in at least one of the further layers.

40. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 39 wherein at least one compound of the formula (I) is present in the electron conductor layer and/or in the light-emitting layer and/or in the at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons.

41. The organic light-emitting diode according to claim 38 wherein the at least one compound of the formula (I) is present in the electron conductor layer and/or in the light-emitting layer and/or in the at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons.

42. A light-emitting layer comprising a compound of the general formula (I) as defined in claim 1 .

43. A light-emitting layer comprising a material according to claim 26 .

44. A blocking layer for holes/excitons comprising a compound of the general formula (I) as defined in claim 1 .

45. A blocking layer for holes/excitons comprising a material according to claim 26 .

46. An electron-conducting layer comprising a compound of the general formula (I) as defined in claim 1 .

47. An electron-conducting layer comprising a material according to claim 26 .

48. A device selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, keyboards, garments, furniture and wallpaper, comprising at least one organic light-emitting diode according to claim 28 .

49. A device selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, keyboards, garments, furniture and wallpaper, comprising at least one organic light-emitting diode according to claim 38 .