Battery cathodes
View Patent ↗Batteries are disclosed. In some embodiments, a battery includes a cathode having a composition that includes a manganese oxide. The composition has an X-ray diffraction pattern with a first peak at about 18 degrees, a second peak at about 22 degrees, and a third peak at about 32 degrees.
1. A battery comprising a cathode comprising a composition comprising a manganese oxide, wherein the composition has an X-ray diffraction pattern including a first peak at about 18 degrees, a second peak at about 22 degrees, and a third peak at about 32 degrees, wherein the composition has the formula Li x MnO y , and 0.05≦x≦0.25 and 1.8≦y≦2.0.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has the formula Li x MnO y , and 0.05≦x≦0.25 and 1.8≦y≦2.0 prior to discharge of the battery.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 0.1≦x≦0.25.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 0.15≦x≦0.25.
5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 1.9≦y≦2.0.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 1.85≦y≦1.95.
7. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of about 25 m 2 /gram or less.
8. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of from about 11 m 2 /gram to about 25 m 2 /gram.
9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of about 11 m 2 /gram.
10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide is substantially free of pyrolusite.
11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises ramsdellite.
12. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a fourth peak at about 41.6 degrees and a fifth peak at about 42.6 degrees.
13. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a sixth peak at about 54 degrees.
14. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a seventh peak at about 28 degrees.
15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes an eighth peak at about 37 degrees.
16. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a ninth peak at about 24 degrees.
17. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises manganese with a formal oxidation state of from about +3.0 to about +4.0.
18. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises manganese with a formal oxidation state of about +3.9.
19. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode has a capacity of at least about 150 mAh/gram.
20. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode has a capacity of from about 250 mAh/gram to about 350 mAh/gram.
21. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has an open-circuit voltage of at least about 1.5 Volts.
22. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has a closed-circuit voltage of at least about 1.5 Volts.
23. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has a current capability of up to about 20 amperes.
24. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises a lithium-aluminum alloy.
25. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a member selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and combinations thereof.