Conductive biopolymer implant for enhancing tissue repair and regeneration using electromagnetic fields

1. A medical device, comprising:

at least one connected network of metal nanowires; and

at least one biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer, wherein the device exhibits electric conductivity in at least one direction across the device, and at least some of the network of metal nanowires are encapsulated in at least part of the biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer having at least partially aligned fibrils in at least one direction which coincides with an alignment of the encapsulated metal nanowires and the network of nanowires span a majority of the length of the biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer, forming a layer with sheet resistance less than 100 kΩ/sq, said metal nanowires consist essentially of metal, said metal nanowires have a cross-section dimension of less than 100 nm, and the concentration of said metal in the biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer is less than 1 wt %.

2. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the device is biocompatible with body tissue.

3. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the concentration of metal nanowires is in the range from 50 μg to 50 mg per liter.

4. The medical device of claim 1 wherein said biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer is collagen.

5. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the concentration of metal nanowires is high enough to enable antimicrobial properties of the device.

6. The medical device according to claim 1 , further comprising: the at least one connected network of metal nanowires located between two biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layers, and made by a method comprising the steps of:

depositing a water-based solution or gel containing metal nanowires on a first biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layer;

removing water from the water-based solution or gel to form the at least one connected network of metal nanowires on the first biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layer;

laminating the first biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layer with the at least one connected network of metal nanowires thereon to a second biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layer to form a laminated construct; and

treating the laminated construct to enhance the connection between metal nanowires and to cross-link at least one of the biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layers included in the construct.

7. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the water-based solution or gel is a water solution of metal nanowires.

8. The medical device according to the claim 7 wherein the water-based solution or gel further comprises at least one of: cross-linking molecules, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, bioactive or chemically active materials.

9. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the water-based solution or gel is a mixture of biopolymer and metal nanowires.

10. The medical device according to the claim 9 wherein the water-based solution or gel is an acidic water-based solution or acidic water-based gel of collagen.

11. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the second biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layer is comprised of one or more biocompatible fibrillar biopolymers and metal nanowires.

12. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the at least one connected network of metal nanowires is augmented by fibrils of the biopolymer of at least one of the first and second biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layers.

13. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the at least one connected network of metal nanowires is encapsulated by one or more of the first or second biocompatible fibrillar biopolymer layers.

14. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the laminated construct comprises a multilayer stack wherein at least one interface between layers has formed thereon a deposited suspension of metal nanowires.

15. The medical device according to the claim 6 wherein the treating step is a dehydrothermal treatment.