Multi-electrode mapping system
In some aspects, a method includes measuring unipolar signals at one or more electrodes in response to electrical activity in a heart cavity. The method also includes determining, based at least in part on Laplace's equation, bipolar physiological information at multiple locations of an surface based on the measured unipolar signals and positions of the one or more electrodes with respect to the surface.
1. A method comprising:
inserting a catheter into a heart cavity, the catheter comprising a first electrode;
positioning a second electrode in a stable location relative to the heart, the location being outside of the heart cavity and located at a distance from the heart cavity;
for multiple different catheter positions in the heart cavity, measuring the unipolar signals by measuring a potential between the first electrode located in the heart cavity and the second electrode located outside the heart cavity;
generating bipolar information based on three or more of the unipolar signal measurements; and
displaying an electro-anatomical map of at least a portion of the heart, the electro-anatomical map including at least some of the bipolar information.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the unipolar measurements comprise unipolar potential signals.
3. The method of claim 1 , the bipolar information comprises current information.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bipolar information comprises current density information.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the current density information comprises a normal component of the current density.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the current density information comprises a magnitude of a current density vector.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the current density information comprises a magnitude of a tangential component of the current density.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second electrode is located at a distance from the heart cavity such that the electrode is not affected by local tissue activation in a heart cavity.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein measuring the unipolar signals comprises measuring the unipolar signals in response to electrical activity in a heart cavity.
10. The method of claim 2 , wherein generating a bipolar measurement based on three or more unipolar measurements comprises determining bipolar information at multiple locations of a surface based on the unipolar signals and positions of one or more electrodes used to measure the unipolar signals with respect to the surface.
11. The method of claim 2 , wherein generating the bipolar information comprises applying a transformation function to the unipolar signals.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein applying the transformation function comprises solving directly for current.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the bipolar information comprises solving simultaneously for current and potential.
14. A system comprising:
a processing unit configured to:
receive unipolar measurements, the unipolar measurements comprising potentials measured between a first electrode located in a heart cavity and a second electrode located outside the heart cavity; and
generate bipolar information based on three or more of the unipolar measurements; and
a display unit configured to:
display an electro-anatomical map of at least a portion of a heart, the electro-anatomical map including at least some of the bipolar information.
15. A method comprising:
inserting a catheter into a heart cavity, the catheter comprising one or more electrodes;
positioning an electrode in a stable location relative to the heart, the location being outside of the heart cavity and located at a distance from the heart cavity;
for multiple different catheter positions in the heart cavity, measuring potentials between the one or more electrodes located in the heart cavity and the electrode located outside the heart cavity;
generating current density information at multiple locations of a surface based on the measured potentials and positions of the one or more electrodes located in the heart cavity with respect to the surface; and
displaying an electro-anatomical map of at least a portion of the heart, the electro-anatomical map including at least some of the current density information.
16. A method comprising:
inserting a catheter into a heart cavity, the catheter comprising a first electrode;
positioning electrodes configured to compute a Wilson's central terminal measurement in a stable location relative to the heart;
for multiple different catheter positions in the heart cavity, measuring the unipolar signals by measuring a potential between the first electrode located in the heart cavity and the Wilson's central terminal;
generating bipolar information based on three or more of the unipolar signal measurements; and
displaying an electro-anatomical map of at least a portion of the heart, the electro-anatomical map including at least some of the bipolar information.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the unipolar measurements comprise unipolar potential signals.
18. The method of claim 16 , the bipolar information comprises bipolar information selected from the group consisting of current information, current density information, a normal component of the current density, a magnitude of a current density vector, and a magnitude of a tangential component of the current density.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein measuring the unipolar signals comprises measuring the unipolar signals in response to electrical activity in a heart cavity:
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein generating a bipolar measurement based on three or more unipolar measurements comprises determining bipolar information at multiple locations of a surface based on the unipolar signals and positions of one or more electrodes used to measure the unipolar signals with respect to the surface.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the current density information comprises current density information selected from the group consisting of a normal component of the current density, a magnitude of a current density vector, and a tangential component of the current density.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrode in the stable location is located at a distance from the heart cavity such that the electrode is not affected by local tissue activation in a heart cavity.
23. The method of claim 15 , wherein measuring the potentials comprises measuring the unipolar signals in response to electrical activity in a heart cavity.
24. The method of claim 15 , wherein generating the current density information comprises applying a transformation function to the measured potentials.
25. The method of 15 , wherein the electrode in the stable location comprises one or more body-surface electrodes.
26. The method of 15 , wherein the electrode in the stable location comprises one or more electrodes positioned in a stable location inside a body.
27. The method of 1 , wherein the electrode in the stable location comprises one or more body-surface electrodes.
28. The method of 1 , wherein the electrode in the stable location comprises one or more electrodes positioned in a stable location inside a body.
29. The system of claim 14 , wherein the unipolar measurements comprise unipolar potential signals and the bipolar information comprises current information.
30. The system of claim 14 , the bipolar information comprises bipolar information selected from the group consisting of current information, current density information, a normal component of the current density, a magnitude of a current density vector, and a magnitude of a tangential component of the current density.
31. The system of claim 14 , wherein the configurations to generate the bipolar measurement based on three or more unipolar measurements comprise configurations to determine bipolar information at multiple locations of a surface based on the unipolar signals and positions of one or more electrodes used to measure the unipolar signals with respect to the surface.
32. The system of claim 14 , wherein the second electrode comprises one or more body-surface electrodes.