Natural marine source phospholipids comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids and their applications
View Patent ↗A phospholipid extract from a marine or aquatic biomass possesses therapeutic properties. The phospholipid extract comprises a variety of phospholipids, fatty acid, metals and a novel flavonoid.
1. A krill extract comprising:
a phospholipid of the general formula (I),
wherein R1 and R2, each together with the respective carboxyl groups to which each is attached, each independently represents a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or an eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) residue, and X is —CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , or
and
wherein the extract is suitable for human consumption.
2. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 40% w/w, wherein about represents ±10%.
3. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 45% w/w, wherein about represents ±20%.
4. The extract according to claim 1 , further comprising an additional lipid, wherein the additional lipid is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, triglycerides, cholesterols, mixtures thereof, and free fatty acids.
5. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract has a concentration of free fatty acids of about 5% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
6. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 15% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
7. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 40% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
8. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 45% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
9. The extract according to claims 6 , 7 , or 8 , wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 fatty acids.
10. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 32% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
11. The extract according to claim 1 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 35% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
12. The extract according to claim 1 , further comprising a metal.
13. The extract according to claim 12 , wherein the metal is zinc, selenium or a mixture thereof.
14. The extract according to claim 13 , wherein the zinc comprises at least 0.005 mg/100 g of the extract and the selenium comprises less than 3 mg/100 g of the extract.
15. The extract according to claim 4 , wherein the fatty acid composition of the lipids in the extract is about:
Total
Phosphatidyl-
Phosphatidyl-
Phospholipid
choline
ethanolamine
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
C14:0 MYRISTIC
2
2
0.7
C14:1 MYRISTOLEIC
1
C15:0 PENTADECANOIC
0.2
0.3
0.3
C16:0 PALMITIC
24
27
24
C16:1 PALMITOLEIC
2
2
0.7
C18:0 STEARIC
1
1
3
C18:1 OLEIC
9
12
24
C18:2n6 LINOLEIC
2
2
0.8
C18:3n6 GLA
1
0.3
C18:3n3 ALA
1
1
C18:4n3 OTA
2
2
0.3
C20:0 ARACHIDIC
C20:1 cis-11-EICOSENOIC
0.5
0.6
0.7
C20:2n6 EICOSADIENOIC
C20:3n6 METHYL ETA
0.2
C20:4n6 ARACHIDONIC
0.6
0.7
0.6
C20:3n3 Homo-γ-
LINOLENIC
C20:4n3
C20:5n3 EPA
27
32
13
C22:0 BEHENIC
C22:1 ERUCIC
1
1.5
C22:2n6
C22:4n6
C22:5n6 METHYL DPA
C22:5n3 DPA
1.00
C22:6n3 DHA
25
14
32
C24:0 LIGNOCERIC
C24:1 NERVONIC
Total
100.0
100
100;
wherein about represents ±10%.
16. The extract according to claim 15 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids in the extract is:
Sample
%
Fatty Acid Composition
C14:0
≧3.00
C14:1
≧0.01
C15:0
≧0.3
C16:0
≧20.00
C16:1
≧3.25
C18:0
≧1.00
C18:1
≧10.00
C18:2n6
≧2.00
C18:3n6 GLA
≧0.04
C18:3n3 ALA
≧0.01
C18:4n3
≧1.50
C20:0
≧0.05
C20:1
≧1.00
C20:2n6
≧0.05
C20:3n6
≧0.05
C20:4n6
≧0.50
C20:3n3
≧0.01
C20:4n3
≧0.20
C20:5n3 EPA
≧25.00
C22:0
≧0.01
C22:1
≧1.50
C22:2n6
≧0.03
C22:4n6
≧0.01
C22:5n6
≧0.01
C22:5n3 DPA
≧0.50
C22:6n3 DHA
≧10.00
C24:0
≧0.01
C24:1
≧0.05.
17. The extract according to claim 16 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids is:
Saturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧22.00
Monounsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧11.00
Polyunsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧35.00
Omega-3 (g/100 g lipid)
≧30.00
Omega-6 (g/100 g lipid)
≧1.00.
18. The extract according to claim 4 , comprising:
Monoglycerides (MG) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.7
Triglycerides (TG) (g/100 g sample)
≧3.00
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (g/100 g sample)
≧5.00
Cholesterol (g/100 g sample)
≦2.00
Total Phospholipids (PL) (g/100 g sample)
≧40.00
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) (g/100 g sample)
≧2.50
Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Serine (PS) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) (g/100 g sample)
≧35.00
Sphingomyelin (g/100 g sample)
≧0.50
Vitamin A (μg/100 ml)
≧1,400
Vitamin E (μg/100 ml)
≧15
Beta-Carotene (μg/100 ml)
≧1,600
Astaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Canthaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Flavonoid (mg/100 ml)
≧7.0.
19. The extract of claim 1 , wherein one of R1 and R2 is EPA and the other is DHA.
20. The extract of claim 1 , wherein R1 and R2 is EPA.
21. The extract of claim 1 , wherein R1 and R2 is DHA.
22. The extract of claim 1 , further comprising an antioxidant.
23. The extract of claim 22 , wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoid, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, flavonoids, and mixtures thereof.
24. A capsule, tablet, solution, syrup, or suspension comprising a krill extract comprising:
a phospholipid of the formula (I),
wherein R1 and R2, each together with the respective carboxyl groups to which each is attached, each independently represents a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) residue, and X is —CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , or
and wherein the extract is suitable for human consumption.
25. The extract according to claim 24 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 40% w/w, wherein about represents ±10%.
26. The extract according to claim 24 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 45% w/w, wherein about represents ±20%.
27. The formulation according to claim 24 , further comprising an additional lipid, wherein the additional lipid is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, triglycerides, cholesterols, mixtures thereof, and free fatty acids.
28. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein the extract has a concentration of free fatty acids of about 5% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
29. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 15% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
30. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 40% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
31. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 45% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
32. The formulation according to claim 29 , 30 , or 31 , wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 fatty acids.
33. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 32% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
34. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 35% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
35. The formulation according to claim 24 , further comprising a metal.
36. The formulation according to claim 35 , wherein the metal is zinc, selenium or a mixture thereof
37. The formulation according to claim 36 , wherein the zinc comprises at least 0.005mg/100g of the extract and the selenium comprises less than 3 mg/100g of the extract.
38. The formulation according to claim 24 , wherein the fatty acid composition of the lipids in the extract is about:
Total
Phosphatidyl-
Phosphatidyl-
Phospholipid
choline
ethanolamine
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
C14:0 MYRISTIC
2
2
0.7
C14:1 MYRISTOLEIC
1
C15:0
0.2
0.3
0.3
PENTADECANOIC
C16:0 PALMITIC
24
27
24
C16:1 PALMITOLEIC
2
2
0.7
C18:0 STEARIC
1
1
3
C18:1 OLEIC
9
12
24
C18:2n6 LINOLEIC
2
2
0.8
C18:3n6 GLA
1
0.3
C18:3n3 ALA
1
1
C18:4n3 OTA
2
2
0.3
C20:0 ARACHIDIC
C20:1 cis-11-
0.5
0.6
0.7
EICOSENOIC
C20:2n6
EICOSADIENOIC
C20:3n6 METHYL ETA
0.2
C20:4n6
0.6
0.7
0.6
ARACHIDONIC
C20:3n3 Homo-γ-
LINOLENIC
C20:4n3
C20:5n3 EPA
27
32
13
C22:0 BEHENIC
C22:1 ERUCIC
1
1.5
C22:2n6
C22:4n6
C22:5n6 METHYL DPA
C22:5n3 DPA
1.00
C22:6n3 DHA
25
14
32
C24:0 LIGNOCERIC
C24:1 NERVONIC
Total
100.0
100
100;
wherein about represents ±10%.
39. The formulation according to claim 38 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids in the extract is:
Sample
%
Fatty Acid Composition
C14:0
≧3.00
C14:1
≧0.01
C15:0
≧0.3
C16:0
≧20.00
C16:1
≧3.25
C18:0
≧1.00
C18:1
≧10.00
C18:2n6
≧2.00
C18:3n6 GLA
≧0.04
C18:3n3 ALA
≧0.01
C18:4n3
≧1.50
C20:0
≧0.05
C20:1
≧1.00
C20:2n6
≧0.05
C20:3n6
≧0.05
C20:4n6
≧0.50
C20:3n3
≧0.01
C20:4n3
≧0.20
C20:5n3 EPA
≧25.00
C22:0
≧0.01
C22:1
≧1.50
C22:2n6
≧0.03
C22:4n6
≧0.01
C22:5n6
≧0.01
C22:5n3 DPA
≧0.50
C22:6n3 DHA
≧10.00
C24:0
≧0.01
C24:1
≧0.05.
40. The formulation according to claim 39 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids is:
Saturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧22.00
Monounsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧11.00
Polyunsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧35.00
Omega-3 (g/100 g lipid)
≧30.00
Omega-6 (g/100 g lipid)
≧1.00.
41. The formulation according to claim 27 , comprising:
Monoglycerides (MG) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.7
Triglycerides (TG) (g/100 g sample)
≧3.00
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (g/100 g sample)
≧5.00
Cholesterol (g/100 g sample)
≦2.00
Total Phospholipids (PL) (g/100 g sample)
≧40.00
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) (g/100 g sample)
≧2.50
Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Serine (PS) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) (g/100 g sample)
≧35.00
Sphingomyelin (g/100 g sample)
≧0.50
Vitamin A (μg/100 ml)
≧1,400
Vitamin E (μg/100 ml)
≧15
Beta-Carotene (μg/100 ml)
≧1,600
Astaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Canthaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Flavonoid (mg/100 ml)
≧7.0.
42. The formulation of claim 24 , wherein one of R1 and R2 is EPA and the other is DHA.
43. The formulation of claim 24 , wherein R1 and R2 is EPA.
44. The formulation of claim 24 , wherein R1 and R2 is DHA.
45. The formulation of claim 24 , further comprising an antioxidant.
46. The formulation of claim 45 , wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoid, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, flavonoids, and mixtures thereof.
47. A food, beverage, energy bar, or nutritional supplement comprising a krill extract comprising:
a phospholipid of the formula (I),
wherein R1 and R2, each together with the respective carboxyl groups to which each is attached, each independently represents a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) residue, and X is —CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , or
and
wherein the extract is suitable for human consumption.
48. The extract according to claim 47 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 40% w/w, wherein about represents ±10%.
49. The extract according to claim 47 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 45% w/w, wherein about represents ±20%.
50. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract further comprises an additional lipid, wherein the additional lipid is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, triglycerides, cholesterols, mixtures thereof, and free fatty acids.
51. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract has a concentration of free fatty acids of about 5% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
52. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein polyunsaturated fatty acids comprise at least 15% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
53. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 40% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
54. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 45% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
55. The nutraceutical composition of claim 52 , 53 , or 54 , wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 fatty acids.
56. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 32% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
57. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 35% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
58. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract further comprises a metal.
59. The nutraceutical composition of claim 58 , wherein the metal is zinc, selenium or a mixture thereof.
60. The nutraceutical composition of claim 59 , wherein the zinc comprises at least 0.005 mg/100g of the extract and the selenium comprises less than 3 mg/100g of the extract.
61. The nutraceutical composition of claim 50 , wherein the fatty acid composition of the lipids in the extract is about:
Total
Phosphatidyl-
Phosphatidyl-
Phospholipid
choline
ethanolamine
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
C14:0 MYRISTIC
2
2
0.7
C14:1 MYRISTOLEIC
1
C15:0
0.2
0.3
0.3
PENTADECANOIC
C16:0 PALMITIC
24
27
24
C16:1 PALMITOLEIC
2
2
0.7
C18:0 STEARIC
1
1
3
C18:1 OLEIC
9
12
24
C18:2n6 LINOLEIC
2
2
0.8
C18:3n6 GLA
1
0.3
C18:3n3 ALA
1
1
C18:4n3 OTA
2
2
0.3
C20:0 ARACHIDIC
C20:1 cis-11-
0.5
0.6
0.7
EICOSENOIC
C20:2n6
EICOSADIENOIC
C20:3n6 METHYL ETA
0.2
C20:4n6
0.6
0.7
0.6
ARACHIDONIC
C20:3n3 Homo-γ-
LINOLENIC
C20:4n3
C20:5n3 EPA
27
32
13
C22:0 BEHENIC
C22:1 ERUCIC
1
1.5
C22:2n6
C22:4n6
C22:5n6 METHYL DPA
C22:5n3 DPA
1.00
C22:6n3 DHA
25
14
32
C24:0 LIGNOCERIC
C24:1 NERVONIC
Total
100.0
100
100;
wherein about represents ±10%.
62. The nutraceutical composition of claim 61 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids in the extract is:
Sample
%
Fatty Acid Composition
C14:0
≧3.00
C14:1
≧0.01
C15:0
≧0.3
C16:0
≧20.00
C16:1
≧3.25
C18:0
≧1.00
C18:1
≧10.00
C18:2n6
≧2.00
C18:3n6 GLA
≧0.04
C18:3n3 ALA
≧0.01
C18:4n3
≧1.50
C20:0
≧0.05
C20:1
≧1.00
C20:2n6
≧0.05
C20:3n6
≧0.05
C20:4n6
≧0.50
C20:3n3
≧0.01
C20:4n3
≧0.20
C20:5n3 EPA
≧25.00
C22:0
≧0.01
C22:1
≧1.50
C22:2n6
≧0.03
C22:4n6
≧0.01
C22:5n6
≧0.01
C22:5n3 DPA
≧0.50
C22:6n3 DHA
≧10.00
C24:0
≧0.01
C24:1
≧0.05.
63. The nutraceutical composition of claim 62 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids is:
Saturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧22.00
Monounsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧11.00
Polyunsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧35.00
Omega-3 (g/100 g lipid)
≧30.00
Omega-6 (g/100 g lipid)
≧1.00.
64. The nutraceutical composition of claim 50 , comprising:
Monoglycerides (MG) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.7
Triglycerides (TG) (g/100 g sample)
≧3.00
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (g/100 g sample)
≧5.00
Cholesterol (g/100 g sample)
≦2.00
Total Phospholipids (PL) (g/100 g sample)
≧40.00
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) (g/100 g sample)
≧2.50
Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Serine (PS) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) (g/100 g sample)
≧35.00
Sphingomyelin (g/100 g sample)
≧0.50
Vitamin A (μg/100 ml)
≧1,400
Vitamin E (μg/100 ml)
≧15
Beta-Carotene (μg/100 ml)
≧1,600
Astaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Canthaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Flavonoid (mg/100 ml)
≧7.0.
65. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein one of R1 and R2 is EPA and the other is DHA.
66. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein R1 and R2 is EPA.
67. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein R1 and R2 is DHA.
68. The nutraceutical composition of claim 47 , wherein the extract further comprises an antioxidant.
69. The nutraceutical composition of claim 68 , wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoid, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, flavonoids, and mixtures thereof.
70. A cosmetic preparation comprising a krill extract comprising: a phospholipid of the formula (I),
wherein R1 and R2, each together with the respective carboxyl groups to which each is attached, each independently represents a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) residue, and X is —CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , or
and
wherein the extract is suitable for human consumption.
71. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the topical cosmetic product is one or more of a moisturizing cream and a sun-block product.
72. The extract according to claim 70 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 40% w/w, wherein about represents ±10%.
73. The extract according to claim 70 , wherein the extract has a total phospholipid concentration in an amount of about 45% w/w, wherein about represents ±20%.
74. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises an additional lipid, wherein the additional lipid is selected from the group consisting of monoglycerides, triglycerides, cholesterols, mixtures thereof, and free fatty acids.
75. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract has a concentration of free fatty acids of about 5% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
76. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 15% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
77. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 40% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
78. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises polyunsaturated fatty acids which comprise at least 45% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
79. The cosmetic preparation of claim 76 , 77 , or 78 , wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 fatty acids.
80. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 32% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
81. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein DHA and EPA comprise at least 35% w/w of the lipids in the extract.
82. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises a metal.
83. The cosmetic preparation of claim 82 , wherein the metal is zinc, selenium or a mixture thereof
84. The cosmetic preparation of claim 83 , wherein the zinc comprises at least 0.005mg/100g of the extract and the selenium comprises less than 3 mg/100g of the extract.
85. The cosmetic preparation of claim 74 , wherein the fatty acid composition of the lipids in the extract is about:
Total
Phosphatidyl-
Phosphatidyl-
Phospholipid
choline
ethanolamine
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
Fatty Acid %
C14:0 MYRISTIC
2
2
0.7
C14:1 MYRISTOLEIC
1
C15:0
0.2
0.3
0.3
PENTADECANOIC
C16:0 PALMITIC
24
27
24
C16:1 PALMITOLEIC
2
2
0.7
C18:0 STEARIC
1
1
3
C18:1 OLEIC
9
12
24
C18:2n6 LINOLEIC
2
2
0.8
C18:3n6 GLA
1
0.3
C18:3n3 ALA
1
1
C18:4n3 OTA
2
2
0.3
C20:0 ARACHIDIC
C20:1 cis-11-
0.5
0.6
0.7
EICOSENOIC
C20:2n6
EICOSADIENOIC
C20:3n6 METHYL ETA
0.2
C20:4n6 ARACHIDONIC
0.6
0.7
0.6
C20:3n3 Homo-γ-
LINOLENIC
C20:4n3
C20:5n3 EPA
27
32
13
C22:0 BEHENIC
C22:1 ERUCIC
1
1.5
C22:2n6
C22:4n6
C22:5n6 METHYL DPA
C22:5n3 DPA
1.00
C22:6n3 DHA
25
14
32
C24:0 LIGNOCERIC
C24:1 NERVONIC
Total
100.0
100
100;
wherein about represents ±10%.
86. The cosmetic preparation of claim 85 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids in the extract is:
Sample
%
Fatty Acid Composition
C14:0
≧3.00
C14:1
≧0.01
C15:0
≧0.3
C16:0
≧20.00
C16:1
≧3.25
C18:0
≧1.00
C18:1
≧10.00
C18:2n6
≧2.00
C18:3n6 GLA
≧0.04
C18:3n3 ALA
≧0.01
C18:4n3
≧1.50
C20:0
≧0.05
C20:1
≧1.00
C20:2n6
≧0.05
C20:3n6
≧0.05
C20:4n6
≧0.50
C20:3n3
≧0.01
C20:4n3
≧0.20
C20:5n3 EPA
≧25.00
C22:0
≧0.01
C22:1
≧1.50
C22:2n6
≧0.03
C22:4n6
≧0.01
C22:5n6
≧0.01
C22:5n3 DPA
≧0.50
C22:6n3 DHA
≧10.00
C24:0
≧0.01
C24:1
≧0.05.
87. The cosmetic preparation of claim 86 , wherein the total fatty acid composition of all the lipids is:
Saturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧22.00
Monounsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧11.00
Polyunsaturated (g/100 g lipid)
≧35.00
Omega-3 (g/100 g lipid)
≧30.00
Omega-6 (g/100 g lipid)
≧1.00.
88. The nutraceutical composition of claim 74 , comprising:
Monoglycerides (MG) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.7
Triglycerides (TG) (g/100 g sample)
≧3.00
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (g/100 g sample)
≧5.00
Cholesterol (g/100 g sample)
≦2.00
Total Phospholipids (PL) (g/100 g sample)
≧40.00
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) (g/100 g sample)
≧2.50
Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Serine (PS) (g/100 g sample)
≧0.20
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) (g/100 g sample)
≧35.00
Sphingomyelin (g/100 g sample)
≧0.50
Vitamin A (μg/100 ml)
≧1,400
Vitamin E (μg/100 ml)
≧15
Beta-Carotene (μg/100 ml)
≧1,600
Astaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Canthaxanthin (mg/100 ml)
≧10
Flavonoid (mg/100 ml)
≧7.0.
89. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein one of R1 and R2 is EPA and the other is DHA.
90. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein R1 and R2 is EPA.
91. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein R1 and R2 is DHA.
92. The cosmetic preparation of claim 70 , wherein the extract further comprises an antioxidant.
93. The cosmetic preparation of claim 92 , wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoid, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, flavonoids, and mixtures thereof.
94. An Antarctic krill oil extract comprising: a phospholipid of the formula (I),
wherein:
R1 and R2, each together with the respective carboxyl groups to which each is attached, each independently represents a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) residue, and X is —CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , or
the extract is extracted under conditions suitable for preserving an effective amount of a phospholipid having two independently selected fatty acid chains within the same molecule selected from EPA and DHA;
the extract comprises phospholipids in an amount of at least 40% w/w;
the extract comprises omega-3 fatty acids in an amount of at least 15% w/w;
the extract comprises astaxanthin and
the extract is suitable for human consumption.