Thermoelectric stack coating for improved solar panel function
Methods and devices for increase power output from solar devices. In one embodiment, the technique enables the front hot solar panel surface to be cooled by attachment of a thermoelectric multilayer stack to the back solar panel surface. The thermoelectric stack cools the solar panel front surface by drawing heat from the front to the back of the panel. That heat is transformed into mechanical vibrations using an inverse Peltier effect and that mechanical energy then transformed into electrical energy using a piezoelectric effect. Power output is first increased by lower operating temperature on front, resulting in a higher power conversion efficiency for the photovoltaic effect taking place in the CIGS/CdS active layers or other thin films, then from an additional power output from secondary electrical energy created from mechanical arising from the temperature-gradient driven occurrence of the thermoelectric effect.
1. A photovoltaic and thermoelectric power generating device comprising:
a structure including:
at least one photovoltaic cell;
a thermally conductive backsheet below the cell;
at least one thermoelectric converter thermally coupled to said structure, wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter comprises a hard ferromagnet and a soft ferromagnetic material and a layer of thermally conductive elastic polymer material sandwiched between the hard ferromagnet and the soft ferromagnetic material.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said solar-electrical generator exhibits a solar energy conversion of at least 4%.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein a temperature difference between the high-temperature and a low-temperature ends of said thermoelectric converter is at least about 50 C.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermally conductive substrate comprises of a metal foil.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter and the photovoltaic cell are thermally and physically integrated.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter and the photovoltaic cell are thermally integrated but physically separated by the back sheet.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter is electrically coupled to feed current to the photovoltaic cell and are electrically integrated.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter is electrically coupled to feed current to separate sources and are not electrically integrated.
9. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter is located at harmonically optimum locations to increase vibration.
10. The device of claim 1 wherein the device is flat, planar panel.
11. The device of claim 1 wherein heat from the structure is received by a hot side of the thermoelectric converter; generating electricity from the thermoelectric converters; and providing heat from a cold side of the set of thermoelectric converters to a fluid being provided into a solar fluid heating system or a solar thermal to electrical conversion plant.
12. The module of claim 1 wherein the photovoltaic cell has an absorber layer that includes one or more inorganic materials from the group consisting of: titania (TiO 2 ), nanocrystalline TiO 2 , zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO or Cu 2 O or Cu x O y ), zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide and other oxides, sodium titanate, potassium niobate, cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), copper sulfide (Cu 2 S), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium-tellurium selenide (CdTeSe), copper-indium selenide (CuInSe 2 ), cadmium oxide (CdO x ), CuI, CuSCN, a semiconductive material, or combinations of the above.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermally conductive backsheet comprises of at least one material selected from the group consisting of: stainless steel, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, or combinations thereof.
14. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermally conductive backsheet comprises of a metallized plastic or polymer.
15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive elastic polymer material is characterized by a spring constant in a range from about 10 mN/mm to about 500 mN/mm.
16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive elastic polymer material is characterized by a spring constant in a range from about 100 mN/mm to about 300 mN/mm.
17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive elastic polymer material is characterized by a spring constant of about 200 mN/mm.
18. A structure, comprising:
a thermally conductive backsheet; and
at least one thermoelectric converter thermally coupled to said thermally conductive backsheet, wherein the at least one thermoelectric converter comprises a hard ferromagnet and a soft ferromagnetic material and a layer of thermally conductive elastic polymer material sandwiched between the hard ferromagnet and the soft ferromagnetic material.