Casting fine grained, fully dense, strong inorganic materials
Methods and apparatuses for casting inorganic materials are provided. The inorganic materials include metals, metal alloys, metal hydrides and other materials. Thermal control zones may be established to control the propagation of a freeze front through the casting. Agitation from a mechanical blade or ultrasonic energy may be used to reduce porosity and shrinkage in the casting. After solidification of the casting, the casting apparatus may be used to anneal the cast part.
1. A method of forming an inorganic material casting comprising:
(a) providing a charge of molten inorganic material in a vessel having a vessel bottom, and a plurality of thermal control zones from a bottom thermal control zone to a top thermal control zone, wherein the molten inorganic material is simultaneously disposed in each of the plurality of thermal control zones and wherein each of the plurality of thermal control zones includes a thermal moderator operable to establish a desired temperature for the corresponding thermal control zone that is different than the temperatures of the thermal control zones at different elevations;
(b) cooling the vessel bottom to a temperature wherein a first portion of cast inorganic material with a freezing front is formed; and
(c) cooling the vessel at the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone such that the freezing front moves upward through the molten inorganic material until all of the molten inorganic material solidifies and forms the inorganic material casting.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (a) comprises:
(i) disposing a solid inorganic material in the vessel; and
(ii) heating the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone to provide the charge of molten inorganic material.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein step (b) comprises force cooling a chiller block at the vessel bottom.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein step (b) comprises force cooling a chiller block at the vessel bottom and step (c) comprises force cooling the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising agitating the molten inorganic material while the freezing front moves upward through the molten inorganic material.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
(d) cooling the cast inorganic material at a cooling rate of between 3° C. per hour and 8° C. per hour until an annealing temperature is reached;
(e) holding the cast inorganic material at the annealing temperature for an annealing period to reduce a residual stress in the solid inorganic material and form annealed grain-refined inorganic material; and
(f) cooling the annealed grain-refined inorganic material to room temperature.
7. A method of forming cast lithium hydride comprising:
(a) disposing solid lithium hydride in a vessel having a vessel bottom and a plurality of thermal control zones from a bottom thermal control zone to a top thermal control zone;
(b) heating the lithium hydride to form heated lithium hydride having a heated lithium hydride hydrogen partial pressure; and
(c) disposing a cover blanket of hydrogen over the heated lithium hydride, the cover blanket of hydrogen having a pressure greater than the heated lithium hydride hydrogen partial pressure;
(d) cooling the vessel bottom to a temperature wherein a freezing front is formed in a first portion of the heated lithium hydride; and
(e) cooling the vessel at the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone such that the freezing front moves upward through the heated lithium hydride until all of the heated lithium hydride solidifies and forms the cast lithium hydride.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
(f) cooling the cast lithium hydride at a cooling rate of between 3° C. per hour and 8° C. per hour until an annealing temperature is reached;
(g) holding the cast lithium hydride at the annealing temperature for an annealing period to reduce a residual stress in the cast lithium hydride and form annealed grain-refined lithium hydride; and
(h) cooling the annealed grain-refined lithium hydride to room temperature.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein each of the plurality of thermal control zones includes a thermal moderator operable to establish a desired temperature for the corresponding thermal control zone that is different than the temperatures of the thermal control zones at different elevations.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the lithium hydride is heated in step (b) to no more than 10° C. below its melting temperature.
11. A method of forming an inorganic material casting comprising:
(a) providing a charge of lithium hydride in a vessel having a vessel bottom and a plurality of thermal control zones from a bottom thermal control zone to a top thermal control zone, wherein the charge of lithium hydride is simultaneously disposed in each of the plurality of thermal control zones;
(b) cooling the vessel bottom to a temperature wherein a freezing front is formed in a first portion of the lithium hydride; and
(c) cooling the vessel at the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone such that the freezing front moves upward through the charge of lithium hydride until all of the lithium hydride solidifies and forms the inorganic material casting.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein each of the plurality of thermal control zones includes a thermal moderator for establishing different temperatures for each of the plurality of thermal control zones.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein step (a) comprises:
(i) disposing solid lithium hydride in the vessel; and
(ii) heating the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone to provide the charge of lithium hydride.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein step (b) comprises force cooling a chiller block at the vessel bottom.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein step (b) comprises force cooling a chiller block at the vessel bottom and step (c) comprises force cooling the plurality of thermal control zones in sequence from the bottom thermal control zone to the top thermal control zone.
16. The method of claim 11 further comprising agitating the molten inorganic material while the freezing front moves upward through the molten inorganic material.