Apparatus and method for noninvasive particle detection using doppler spectroscopy
An apparatus and method for noninvasively detecting the presence of solid particulate matter suspended in a fluid flowing through a pipe or an oil and gas wellbore are described. Fluid flowing through a conduit containing the particulate solids is exposed to a fixed frequency (>1 MHz) of ultrasonic vibrations from a transducer attached to the outside of the pipe. The returning Doppler frequency shifted signal derived from the scattering of sound from the moving solid particles is detected by an adjacent transducer. The transmitted signal and the Doppler signal are combined to provide sensitive particulate detection. The magnitude of the signal and the Doppler frequency shift are used to determine the particle size distribution and the velocity of the particles. Measurement of the phase shift between the applied frequency and the detected Doppler shifted may be used to determine the direction of motion of the particles.
1. An apparatus for noninvasively measuring the velocity and direction of travel of at least one particle suspended in a fluid flowing in a pipe having an axis and a wall, comprising:
a first transducer flush with and in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe at a chosen position along the axis thereof;
a signal generator for providing a chosen signal having at least one selected frequency to said first ultrasonic transducer, wherein vibrations are generated in said fluid at least a portion of which vibrations are in the direction of flow of said fluid, and an equal portion thereof are opposite the direction of flow of said fluid;
a second transducer flush with and in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe disposed alongside said first transducer at the chosen position along the axis for detecting a scattered vibration signal from said at least one particle;
an in-phase and quadrature demodulator for processing the detected scattered signal from said at least one particle;
a multichannel analog-to-digital converter
a microcontroller; and
a digital signal processor controlled by said microcontroller for performing a joint time and frequency analysis of the detected scattered signal from said at least one particle from which a signal amplitude for said at least one particle, and a Doppler frequency shift and a phase shift between the detected scattered signal from said at least one particle and the chosen vibration signal generated by said first transducer, are obtained as a function of time;
whereby velocity and direction of travel of said at least one particle are measured.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third transducer in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe and diametrically opposed to said first transducer for detecting vibrations directed into said liquid from said first transducer;
a signal generator for providing a frequency chirp signal to said first transducer having a duration less than the time for a vibration generated in said liquid to reach said third transducer from said first transducer; and
a signal processor for receiving the chirp signal;
whereby resonant vibrations in the wall of said pipe are detected.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said signal processor fast Fourier transform the received chirp signal.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the at least one selected frequency corresponds to a resonant vibration in the wall of said pipe.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the generated vibrations have a frequency of >1 MHz.
6. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said first transducer, said second transducer, and said third transducer comprise piezoelectric transducers.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said in-phase and quadrature demodulator further determines the amplitude of the scattered signal from which the number of particles is determined.
8. A method for noninvasively measuring the velocity and direction of travel of at least one particle in a fluid flowing in a pipe having an axis and a wall, comprising:
generating vibrations having at least one chosen frequency in said fluid in the direction of fluid flow, using a first transducer flush with and in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe and a chosen position along the axis thereof, driven at the at least one chosen frequency, wherein vibrations are generated in said fluid at least a portion of which vibrations are in the direction of flow of said fluid, and an equal portion thereof are opposite the direction of flow of said fluid;
detecting a scattered vibration signal from said at least one particle, using a second transducer flush with and in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe disposed alongside said first transducer at the chosen position along the axis;
processing the detected scattered signal from said at least one particle using an in-phase and quadrature demodulator;
performing a joint time and frequency analysis to obtain an amplitude and a Doppler frequency shift and phase shift between the scattered signal from said at least one particle and the at least one chosen frequency of the first transducer for said at least one particle as a function of time; and
monitoring the Doppler frequency shift between the scattered vibration signal from said at least one particle and the chosen frequency of the generated vibrations;
whereby velocity and direction of travel of said at least one particle are measured.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the number of particles is determined from the amplitude of the detected scattered signal.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising the step of selecting the at least one chosen frequency to be the frequency of a resonant wall vibration.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said step of selecting the at least one chosen frequency is performed using a third transducer in vibrational communication with an outside surface of said pipe and diametrically opposed to the first transducer for detecting vibrations directed into said liquid from the first transducer, and driven by a signal generator for providing a frequency chirp signal to the first transducer having a duration less than the time for a vibration generated in said liquid to reach the third transducer from the first transducer; and a signal processor for receiving the chirp signal from the third transducer, whereby resonant wall vibrations are detected.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of fast Fourier transforming the received chirp signal.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said step of fast Fourier transforming the received chirp signal is performed using a signal processor receiving the chirp signal from the third transducer.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the at least one chosen frequency is >1 MHz.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein said first transducer, said second transducer, and said third transducer comprise piezoelectric transducers.