ELECTRIC MOTOR HAVING WINDINGS OPERABLE IN PARALLEL AND/OR SERIES, AND RELATED METHODS

1 . An electric motor for propelling a vehicle, the motor comprising:

a stator;

a rotor that rotates with respect to the stator;

a magnet located on the stator or the rotor;

a first winding segment and a second winding segment located on the other of the stator or the rotor; and

a controller adapted to operate the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel as a function of at least the motor current.

2 . The electric motor of claim 1 , further comprising a power supply for the electric motor, wherein the controller is further adapted to operate the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel as a function of at least one of power supply voltage and vehicle speed.

3 . The electric motor of claim 2 , further comprising:

an output shaft connected to the rotor; and

a transmission coupled to the output shaft, the transmission having a plurality of selectable gear ratios;

wherein the controller is further adapted to operate the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel as a function of the selected gear ratio of the transmission.

4 . The electric motor of claim 3 , wherein the controller is adapted to operate the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel as a function of (i) the motor current, and (i) the vehicle speed×the power supply voltage×the selected gear ratio of the transmission.

5 . The electric motor of claim 3 , wherein the controller is adapted to operate the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel based at least in part on the formula:

X =((( k 1 *V )+ k 2−( k 3 *I ))* k 4)/ A

where:

V=voltage of a power supply for the electric motor;

I=current in the electric motor;

A corresponds to a gear ratio in a transmission connected to the electric motor; and

k1, k2, k3, and k4 are constants.

6 . The electric motor of claim 1 , wherein the magnet is permanent or wound.

7 . The electric motor of claim 1 , wherein the magnet is located on the stator, and the first and second winding segments are located on the rotor.

8 . The electric motor of claim 1 , wherein the magnet is located on the rotor, and the first and second winding segments are located on the stator.

9 . The electric motor of claim 1 , further comprising a first driver unit that controls the first winding segment, and a second driver unit that controls the second winding segment, wherein the controller is adapted to connect the first driver unit to the second driver unit in series or in parallel.

10 . The electric motor of claim 1 , wherein the motor is a multi-phase DC motor.

11 . An electric bicycle, comprising the electric motor of claim 1 .

12 . The electric bicycle of claim 11 , further comprising:

pedals adapted to transmit power to at least one wheel of the bicycle.

13 . A method of controlling an electric motor for propelling a vehicle, the electric motor having a rotor and a stator, and a first winding segment and a second winding segment located on the rotor or the stator, the method comprising:

operating the electric motor upon startup with the first winding segment and the second winding segment connected in series;

monitoring motor current; and

upon detecting a predetermined decrease in the motor current, switching the connection of the first winding segment and the second winding segment to parallel.

14 . The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

monitoring vehicle speed, voltage of a power supply for the electric motor, and a gear ratio selected for a transmission coupled to the electric motor; and

upon detecting the predetermined decrease in the motor current, switching the connection of the first winding segment and the second winding segment to parallel only if the vehicle speed×the power supply voltage×the selected gear ratio has increased by more than a predetermined amount.

15 . The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

operating the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel based at least in part on the formula:

X =((( k 1 *V )+ k 2−( k 3 *I ))* k 4)/ A

where:

V=voltage of a power supply for the electric motor;

I=current in the electric motor;

A corresponds to a gear ratio in a transmission connected to the electric motor; and

k1, k2, k3, and k4 are constants.

16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein when the motor is operating with the first winding segment and the second winding segment connected in parallel, and upon detecting a predetermined increase in the motor current, switching the connection of the first winding segment and the second winding segment to series.

17 . The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

monitoring vehicle speed, voltage of a power supply for the electric motor, and a gear ratio selected for a transmission coupled to the electric motor; and

upon detecting that the vehicle speed×the power supply voltage×the selected gear ratio has decreased by more than a predetermined amount, and upon detecting the predetermined increase in the motor current, switching the connection of the first winding segment and the second winding segment to series.

18 . A method of controlling an electric motor for propelling a vehicle, the electric motor having a rotor and a stator, and a first winding segment and a second winding segment located on the rotor or the stator, the method comprising:

determining a torque load applied to the electric motor due to operating conditions of the vehicle;

operating the motor with the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series when the torque load is above a predetermined level; and

operating the motor with the first winding segment and the second winding segment in parallel when the torque load is below a predetermined level.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein determining the torque load applied to the electric motor comprises:

monitoring motor current; and

determining whether the motor current has increased or decreased beyond a predetermined amount.

20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein determining the torque load applied to the electric motor further comprises:

monitoring vehicle speed, voltage of a power supply for the electric motor, and a gear ratio selected for a transmission coupled to the electric motor; and

determining whether vehicle speed×power supply voltage×selected gear ratio has increased or decreased beyond a predetermined amount.

21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein when the motor is operating with the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series, determining the torque load applied to the electric motor comprises:

first determining whether the motor current has decreased beyond a predetermined amount, and if it has,

subsequently determining whether vehicle speed×power supply voltage×selected gear ratio has increased beyond a predetermined amount.

22 . The method of claim 20 , wherein when the motor is operating with the first winding segment and the second winding segment in parallel, determining the torque load applied to the electric motor comprises:

first determining whether vehicle speed×power supply voltage×selected gear ratio has decreased beyond a predetermined amount, and if it has;

subsequently determining whether the motor current has increased beyond a predetermined amount.

23 . The method of claim 18 , further comprising:

operating the first winding segment and the second winding segment in series or in parallel based at least in part on the formula:

X =((( k 1 *V )+ k 2−( k 3 *I ))* k 4)/ A

where:

V=voltage of a power supply for the electric motor;

I=current in the electric motor;

A corresponds to a gear ratio in a transmission connected to the electric motor; and

k1, k2, k3, and k4 are constants.