Apparatus and process for separation and selective recomposition of ions

1. An apparatus for separation and selective recomposition of ions, comprising in combination:

a) a first ion repulsion cell through which a first electrolyte solution can pass, the first ion repulsion cell comprising an insulated container;

b) a first electrode secured inside the first ion repulsion cell;

c) a first flow path means hydraulically connecting the first ion repulsion cell to a first ion sink, a second flow path means hydraulically connecting the first ion repulsion cell to a second ion sink, each of the first and second ion sinks comprising an insulated container made from nonconductive material and having a corrosion-resistant, metallic reference electrode secured inside, wherein each of the first and second flow path means includes a flow cutoff valve for selectively opening and closing the flow path means and an ion selective membrane for selectively facilitating flow of ions from the first ion repulsion cell to the ion sinks while preventing the reverse flow of ions from the ion sinks to the first ion repulsion cell;

d) a second ion repulsion cell through which a second electrolyte solution can pass, the second ion repulsion cell comprising an insulated container;

e) a second electrode secured inside the second ion repulsion cell;

f) a third flow path means hydraulically connecting the second ion repulsion cell to the first ion sink, a fourth flow path means hydraulically connecting the second ion repulsion cell to the second ion sink, wherein each of the third and fourth flow path means includes a flow cutoff valve for selectively opening and closing the flow path means and an ion selective membrane for selectively facilitating flow of ions from the second ion repulsion cell to the ion sinks while preventing the reverse flow of ions from the ion sinks to the second ion repulsion cell;

g) an electric current supply source for connecting to and controlling the polarities of the first and second electrodes inside the first and second ion repulsion cells, wherein the electric current supply source is also connected to the reference electrodes inside the first and second ion sinks; and

h) a control device connected to the electric current supply source and to each of the flow cutoff valves for sensing the potential difference between the first and second electrodes and their adjacent liquids inside the first and second ion repulsion cells and based on the sensed potential difference, opening or closing the flow cutoff valves to regulate the flow of ions from the ion repulsion cells to the ion sinks.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes are high capacitance, high surface area, electrically conductive electrodes, the first electrode being an active electrode and the second electrode being a counter electrode, and wherein the electric current supply source is a potentiostat, the potentiostat operable to utilize the reference electrodes in the ion sinks to equalize the currents at the active and counter electrodes and thus to define the location of the ion sink.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electric current supply source is a direct current power source capable of generating electric currents of opposite polarity, and wherein the direct current power source does not need to utilize the reference electrodes to equalize the currents at the active and counter electrodes.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus functions both as a desalination device and as a means for ion separation and recomposition.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes inside the first and second ion repulsion cells possess high electric capacitance and function in capacitive mode without electrode reactions.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes are electrically conductive high surface area carbon aerogel composites.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , the electrolyte solutions of the first and the second ion repulsion cells being the same and the first and the second ion sinks being combined as a single ion sink, such that the first, second, third and fourth flow path means connect to the single ion sink, wherein ions are transferred from the first and the second ion repulsion cells to the single ion sink, thereby increasing the concentration of ions in the single ion sink and reducing the concentration of ions in the first and the second ion repulsion cells.

8. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the potentiostat is capable of polarity reversal based on signals from the control device, such that the active electrode becomes the counter electrode and the counter electrode becomes the active electrode.

9. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the control device controls the polarity reversal of the direct current power source.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes are low electrical capacitance electrodes and function by allowing for occurrence of electrode reactions.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a third ion repulsion cell and a diode bridge, the third ion repulsion cell comprising a low electrical capacitance electrode, the diode bridge connecting the electric current supply source to both the electrode of the second ion repulsion cell and the electrode of the third ion repulsion cell, the third flow path means hydraulically connecting the second ion repulsion cell to the first ion sink, the fourth flow path means hydraulically connecting the third ion repulsion cell to the second ion sink, wherein each of the third and fourth flow path means include a flow cutoff valve for selectively opening and closing the flow path means and an ion selective membrane for selectively facilitating flow of ions from the second ion repulsion cell to the first ion sink and from the third ion repulsion cell to the second ion sink while preventing the reverse flow of ions.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the electric current supply source is a potentiostat, the potentiostat operable to utilize the reference electrodes to equalize the currents at the active and counter electrodes and thus to define the location of each ion sink.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the electric current supply source is a direct current power source capable of generating electric currents of opposite polarity, and wherein the direct current power source does not need to utilize the reference electrodes to equalize the currents at the active and counter electrodes.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein in conjunction with the polarity of charges applied to the electrodes, the polarity of one or more ion selective membranes are chosen such that instead of facilitating the flow of ions from ion repulsion cells to ion sinks and preventing the flow of ions from ion sinks to ion repulsion cells, the ion sinks act as ion sources and ion repulsion cells act as ion collection cells and therefore the flow of ions from ion collection cells to ion source cells is prevented and the flow of ions from ion source cells to the ion collection cells is facilitated.

15. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein in conjunction with the polarity of charges applied to the electrodes, the polarity of one or more ion selective membranes are chosen such that instead of facilitating the flow of ions from ion repulsion cells to ion sinks and preventing the flow of ions from ion sinks to ion repulsion cells, the ion sinks act as ion sources and ion repulsion cells act as ion collection cells and therefore the flow of ions from ion collection cells to ion source cells is prevented and the flow of ions from ion source cells to the ion collection cells is facilitated.