Hot-side method and system
View Patent ↗The present disclosure is directed to the use of elemental or speciated iodine and bromine to control total mercury emissions.
1. A method, comprising:
generating from a mercury-containing feed material a mercury-containing gas stream comprising vapor-phase elemental mercury and a vapor-phase halogen;
contacting the mercury-containing gas stream with a reactive surface agent upstream of an air preheater, the reactive surface agent and vapor phase halogen converting elemental mercury into ionic mercury and collecting the ionic mercury on the reactive surface agent, wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the reactive surface agent comprises a porous carbonaceous material and the reactive surface agent is added to the mercury-containing gas stream and (b) the reactive surface agent comprises a noncarbonaceous material to provide surface area for mercury collection; and
removing the ionic mercury active agent and reactive surface agent from the mercury-containing gas stream.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent comprises a mercury-active agent.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mercury-active agent is a base metal oxide.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the base metal oxide is one or more of iron oxide, nickel oxide, lead oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide.
5. A method, comprising:
providing a mercury-containing gas stream comprising vapor-phase elemental mercury;
contacting the mercury-containing gas stream with a carbonaceous reactive surface agent upstream of an air preheater, the reactive surface agent comprising at least one of iodine and bromine to collect the ionic mercury on the reactive surface agent; and
removing the mercury-loaded reactive surface agent from the gas stream, wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the reactive surface agent is added to the mercury-containing gas stream and (b) the reactive surface agent is added to the mercury-containing gas stream in addition to a carbonaceous reactive surface material derived from combustion of a mercury-containing feed material, the mercury-containing gas stream being derived from the mercury-containing feed material.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the carbonaceous reactive surface agent is a porous carbonaceous material, the porous carbonaceous material being material being one or more of coal ash, fly ash, bottom ash, unburned carbon, charcoal, char, and coke.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the carbonaceous reactive surface agent is one or more of carbon black and activated carbon.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein (b) is true and wherein the reactive surface agent is one or more of zeolites, silica, silica alumina, alumina, gamma-alumina, activated alumina, acidified alumina, amorphous or crystalline aluminosilicate, amorphous silica alumina, ion exchange resin, clay, a transition metal sulfate, porous ceramic, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal bisulfate, alkali metal bisulfite, alkali metal sulfide, elemental sulfur, limestone, hydrated or slaked lime, circulating fluidized bed ash, fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) fines, fumed silicate, metal oxide particle or powder, re-milled or fine fraction fly ash, bottom ash, and fluidized bed combustor ash.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent is substantially free of iodine.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent is substantially free of bromine.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent is halogenated using a halogen-containing salt.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halogen is iodine and/or bromine.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halogen is bromine and the reactive surface agent is brominated using a bromine-containing salt.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein most of the halogen in the gas stream is in the vapor phase and not carried by the reactive surface agent.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least about 75% of the halogen in the gas stream is in the vapor phase and not carried by the reactive surface agent.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least about 85% of the halogen in the gas stream is in the vapor phase and not carried by the reactive surface agent.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least about 95% of the halogen in the gas stream is in the vapor phase and not carried by the reactive surface agent.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent is free of iodine.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive surface agent is free of bromine.
20. A method, comprising:
generating from a mercury-containing feed material a mercury-containing gas stream comprising vapor-phase elemental mercury and a vapor-phase halogen;
contacting the mercury-containing gas stream with a reactive surface agent upstream of an air preheater, the reactive surface agent and vapor phase halogen converting elemental mercury into ionic mercury and collecting the ionic mercury on the reactive surface agent; and
removing the ionic mercury active agent and reactive surface agent from the mercury-containing gas stream, wherein the reactive surface agent comprises a mercury-active agent and wherein the mercury-active agent is a base metal oxide.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the base metal oxide is one or more of iron oxide, nickel oxide, lead oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein an unburned carbon content (“UBC”) of the mercury-containing gas stream is no more than about 5%.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the UBC content of the mercury-containing gas stream is no more than about 0.5%.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein (b) is true and wherein the reactive surface agent is one or more of a zeolite, silica, silica alumina, alumina, gamma-alumina, activated alumina, acidified alumina, amorphous or crystalline aluminosilicate, amorphous silica alumina, ion exchange resin, clay, a transition metal sulfate, porous ceramic, trona, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkali metal bisulfates, alkali metal bisulfites, alkali metal sulfides, elemental sulfur, limestone, hydrated or slaked lime, circulating fluidized bed ash, fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) fines, fumed silicates, metal oxide particles or powders, such as iron oxide and those comprising labile anions, re-milled or fine fraction fly ash, bottom ash, fluidized bed combustor ash, and mixtures thereof and at least one of the following is true: (a) the reactive surface agent has a P 85 size of no more than about 1 mm in size and an average diameter between about 0.10 to about 0.75 and (b) the reactive surface agent has a P 85 size of more than about 1 mm in size and an average diameter between about 0.75 to about 1.25 mm.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the reactive surface agent comprises one or more of a porous carbonaceous material and at least one of the following is true: (a) the reactive surface agent has a P 85 size of no more than about 1 mm in size and an average diameter between about 0.10 to about 0.75 and (b) the reactive surface agent has a P 85 size of more than about 1 mm in size and an average diameter between about 0.75 to about 1.25 mm.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halogen comprises iodine.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein (a) is true.
28. The method of claim 12 , wherein (b) is true and wherein the reactive surface agent provides a nucleation and/or reaction site for iodine, bromide, mercury, mercuric iodide, and/or mercuric bromide.
29. The method of claim 5 , wherein (a) is true.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the unburned carbon content (“UBC”) content of the mercury-containing gas stream is no more than about 0.5%.
31. The method of claim 5 , wherein (b) is true.