Tail fan apparatus and method for low speed yaw control of a rotorcraft
Apparatus and methods for controlling yaw of a rotorcraft in the event of one or both of low airspeed and engine failure are disclosed. A yaw propulsion provides a yaw moment at low speeds. The yaw propulsion device may be an air jet or a fan. A pneumatic fan may be driven by compressed air released into a channel surrounding an outer portion of the fan. The fan may be driven by hydraulic power. Power for the yaw propulsion device and other system may be provided by a hydraulic pump and/or generator engaging the rotor. Low speed yaw control may be provided by auxiliary rudders positioned within the stream tube of a prop. The auxiliary rudders may one or both of fold down and disengage from rudder controls when not in use.
1. A rotorcraft comprising:
an airframe;
a rotor rotatably mounted to the airframe and rotatable about an axis of rotation;
a vertical stabilizer mounted to the airframe offset from the axis of rotation;
an emergency power supply mounted to the airframe;
a fan mounted to the vertical stabilizer; and
a controller selectively coupling the emergency power supply to the fan effective to drive the fan in forward and reverse directions;
wherein the emergency power supply includes an air reservoir containing compressed air;
wherein the air reservoir is in fluid communication with a hydraulic reservoir containing hydraulic fluid;
wherein the fan is coupled to a hydraulic motor; and
wherein the hydraulic reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the hydraulic motor.
2. The rotorcraft of claim 1 , wherein the air reservoir comprises a bladder positioned within the hydraulic reservoir.
3. The rotorcraft of claim 1 , further comprising a pneumatic motor coupled to the fan;
wherein the air reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the pneumatic motor.
4. The rotorcraft of claim 1 , wherein the vertical stabilizer includes an aperture; and
wherein the fan is mounted within the aperture.
5. The rotorcraft of claim 4 , further comprising an outer channel embedded within the vertical stabilizer;
wherein the fan includes an inner portion, an outer portion, and a ring positioned between the inner and outer portions, the outer portion positioned within the outer channel having the ring positioned to hinder air flow out of the channel; and
wherein the emergency power supply is a compressed air supply in selective fluid communication with the channel.
6. The rotorcraft of claim 1 , wherein the emergency power supply comprises at least one of a hydraulic pump and an alternator rotatably coupled to the rotor.
7. The rotorcraft of claim 6 , further comprising a belt coupling the rotor to the at least one of the hydraulic pump and alternator.
8. The rotorcraft of claim 7 , wherein the rotor comprises:
a mast mounted to the rotorcraft;
a hub mounted to the mast; and
a plurality of blades coupled to the hub; and
wherein the belt encircles one or both of the mast and hub.
9. A method for controlling a rotorcraft during an emergency loss of power, the method comprising:
urging the rotorcraft translationally under power of an engine, the rotorcraft further comprising:
an airframe,
a rotor rotatably mounted to the airframe and rotatable about an axis of rotation,
a vertical stabilizer mounted to the airframe offset from the axis of rotation,
an emergency power supply mounted to the airframe, and
a fan mounted to the vertical stabilizer;
maintaining the fan unpowered while urging the rotorcraft translationally under power of the engine;
detecting loss of power of the engine; and
in response to detection of loss of power, coupling the emergency power supply to the fan in proportion to yaw control inputs;
wherein the emergency power supply includes an air reservoir containing compressed air.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the air reservoir is in fluid communication with a hydraulic reservoir containing hydraulic fluid;
the fan is coupled to a hydraulic motor; and
coupling the emergency power supply to the fan comprises placing the hydraulic reservoir in fluid communication with the hydraulic motor.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the air reservoir comprises a bladder positioned within the hydraulic reservoir.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the aircraft further comprises a pneumatic motor coupled to the fan; and
coupling the emergency power supply to the fan comprises placing the air reservoir in selective fluid communication with the pneumatic motor.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the vertical stabilizer includes an aperture; and
the fan is mounted within the aperture.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein:
an outer channel is embedded within the vertical stabilizer;
the fan includes an inner portion, an outer portion, and a ring positioned between the inner and outer portions, the outer portion positioned within the outer channel having the ring positioned to hinder air flow out of the channel; and
coupling the emergency power supply to the fan comprises releasing air from the air reservoir into the outer channel in proportion to yaw control inputs.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein coupling the emergency power supply to the fan comprises coupling power to the fan in proportion to yaw control inputs from one of a hydraulic pump and an alternator rotatably coupled to the rotor.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the rotor comprises:
a mast mounted to the rotorcraft;
a hub mounted to the mast; and
a plurality of blades coupled to the hub; and
wherein the belt encircles one or both of the mast and hub.
17. A rotorcraft comprising:
an airframe;
a rotor rotatably mounted to the airframe and rotatable about an axis of rotation;
a vertical stabilizer mounted to the airframe offset from the axis of rotation;
an emergency power supply mounted to the airframe;
an engine adapted to propel the rotorcraft translationally;
a fan mounted to the vertical stabilizer; and
a controller programmed to
propel the rotorcraft translationally under power of the engine responsive to pilot inputs,
maintain the fan unpowered while urging the rotorcraft translationally under power of the engine,
detect a loss of power of the engine, and
in response to detection of loss of power, couple the emergency power supply to the fan in proportion to pilot inputs; and
the emergency power supply further comprising at least one of :
an air reservoir containing compressed air in selective fluid communication with a pneumatic motor coupled to the fan, and
an air reservoir containing compressed air and positioned within a hydraulic reservoir, the hydraulic reservoir being in selective fluid communication with a hydraulic motor coupled to the fan.