Engine and aftertreatment optimization system

1. An optimization system for an engine device and aftertreatment subsystem comprising:

a cascade comprising “n” devices, the “n” devices of the cascade including at least an engine device and two or more aftertreatment devices of an aftertreatment subsystem; and

wherein:

the engine device comprises:

an engine; and

an engine controller connected to the engine;

each aftertreatment device of the two or more aftertreatment devices comprises:

an aftertreatment mechanism; and

an aftertreatment controller connected to the aftertreatment mechanism;

each device has an optimality index;

an overall optimality index is deduced from the optimality indices of the devices, wherein the engine controllers and the aftertreatment controllers of the cascade are configured to operate the engine device and aftertreatment devices to optimize the overall optimality index;

the engine controller or the aftertreatment controller, respectively, of device “n” optimizes costs for the optimality index relative to controls for a current state of device “n”, letting properties of inlet gas properties be parameters of an optimal solution which is found as a parametric solution;

the parametric solution is passed upstream to a controller of a neighboring device “n- 1 ”;

the controller of device “n- 1 ” is configured to optimize costs for the optimality index of device “n- 1 ” plus the parametric solution from device “n” having optimality cost information from device “n”;

a received solution from device “n” parameterized by the inlet properties of device “n” are outlet properties of device “n- 1 ”;

a parametric solution of device “n- 1 ” is passed upstream to the controller of a neighboring device “n- 2 ”;

an immediate previous step is repeated until a device “ 1 ” of the cascade receives a parametric solution of a previously neighboring device; and

the device “ 1 ” is the engine device.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the optimality index of the engine device or any of the two or more aftertreatment devices is determined by one or more of inlet properties, internal state variables, and control values.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein:

the inlet properties comprise composition and temperature of an inlet gas;

the internal state variables comprise an accumulation of reactants and temperature; and

the control values comprise one or more items of a group consisting of a urea injection rate to the aftertreatment mechanism, an exhaust gas recirculation valve opening, a variable geometry turbine aspect ratio, fuel injection timing, and value timing.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the aftertreatment devices operating upstream from one or more of the other aftertreatment devices can affect temperature, composition and other properties of a gas moving downstream to the one or more other aftertreatment devices in a one-directional causality.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein an overall cost function of a cascade of the engine device and the two or more aftertreatment devices are derived from costs for operating the devices in the cascade.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the costs pertaining to the devices of the cascade are additive.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the costs comprise fuel, urea fluid, and other material utilized by the devices.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

each aftertreatment controller of each of the aftertreatment devices is connected to a controller of a neighboring engine device or aftertreatment device upstream; and

the aftertreatment controllers communicate in a direction opposite of the direction of a flow of gas through the devices in a one-directional communication.

9. A method for optimization of a cascade engine system and aftertreatment system, comprising:

providing an engine system having a first gas outlet;

providing an aftertreatment system having a gas inlet connected to the first gas outlet, and having a last gas outlet;

calculating an aftertreatment system optimal cost function value for the aftertreatment system as a function of properties of out gas from the engine system, wherein calculating the aftertreatment system optimal cost function value comprises:

determining an optimal cost function value modifier with the aftertreatment controller of each of a plurality of aftertreatment subsystems of the aftertreatment system; and

communicating the optimal cost function value modifier from one of the aftertreatment subsystems to the next upstream aftertreatment subsystem for use in determining an optimal cost function value modifier for that next upstream aftertreatment subsystem;

communicating the aftertreatment system optimal cost function value to the engine system;

calculating an engine system optimal cost function value of the engine system;

determining a cascade optimal cost function value at the engine system for a cascade comprising the engine system and the aftertreatment system;

applying optimal control settings to the engine system to operate the engine system and aftertreatment system according to the determined cascade optimal cost function value; and

wherein the calculating is effected with one or more processors in communication with one or more of the engine system and the aftertreatment system.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the optimal cost function value for the cascade comprises a minimum sum of the cost function value of the aftertreatment system and the cost function value of the engine system.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein:

the last gas outlet provides tailpipe emissions; and

the tailpipe emissions are subject to a constraint of a predetermined maximum of pollutants.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein:

the engine system comprises:

an engine; and

an engine controller connected to the engine;

the plurality of aftertreatment subsystems are connected in series; and

each aftertreatment subsystem comprises:

an aftertreatment device; and

an aftertreatment controller connected to the aftertreatment device and to a neighboring controller upstream towards the engine system.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein:

an optimality of the engine system is independent of a state of the aftertreatment system;

an optimality of the aftertreatment system is dependent on a state of the engine system;

the optimalities of the engine system and the aftertreatment systems are cost function values;

the optimalities are additive; and

an optimal solution is a minimum sum of the optimalities of the aftertreatment systems and the engine system.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

passing a message via properties of a gas from the gas outlet of the engine system downstream through each of the aftertreatment systems; and

wherein each of the aftertreatment systems adjusts its controller to a state of properties of the gas.

15. A system for optimization of an engine and aftertreatment system, comprising:

an engine having a gas outlet;

an aftertreatment system having a gas inlet connected to the gas outlet of the engine, the aftertreatment system comprising a plurality of aftertreatment subsystems each having a subsystem controller;

a first controller connected to the engine; and

a second controller connected to the aftertreatment system and to the first controller; and

wherein:

the second controller is configured to determine an optimal aftertreatment performance cost function value of the engine and provides the optimal aftertreatment performance cost function value to the first controller, wherein determining the optimal aftertreatment performance cost function value comprises:

a subsystem controller of a first aftertreatment subsystem determining an aftertreatment performance cost function value for the first aftertreatment subsystem and communicating the determined aftertreatment performance cost function value for the first aftertreatment subsystem to a subsystem controller of a second aftertreatment subsystem upstream of the first aftertreatment subsystem for use in determining an aftertreatment performance cost function value for the second aftertreatment subsystem; and

the first controller provides optimal control signals to the engine to operate the engine and aftertreatment system based on the optimal aftertreatment performance cost function value.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the first controller determines an optimal cost function value for the system.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein:

the gas outlet provides out gas having properties which contain and carry a message downstream to the aftertreatment system; and

the second controller makes adjustments of the aftertreatment system according to the message.

18. The system of claim 16 , wherein:

the engine generates more or less pollutants to adjust fuel consumption in an out gas at the gas outlet in response to optimal control signals from the first controller based on the optimal aftertreatment performance cost function value;

the aftertreatment system reduces the amount of pollutants in the out gas from the gas inlet to a predetermined level in response to control signals from the second controller; and

the optimal cost function value for the system approaches a minimum value.