Strain monitoring system and apparatus
A system for monitoring strain as an indicator of biological conditions, such as spinal fusion, glucose levels, spinal loading, and heart rate. The system includes an inter-digitated capacitor sensor, and RF transmitter, and an associated antenna, all of which are microminiature or microscopic in size and can be implanted in a biological host such as a human or animal. An inductively coupled power supply is also employed to avoid the need for implantation of chemical batteries. Power is provided to the sensor and transmitter, and data is transmitted from the sensor, when an external receiving device, such as a handheld RF ID type receiver, is placed proximate the location of the implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply. The implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply can be left in place permanently or removed when desired.
1. A strain sensor apparatus, comprising:
a plurality of free-standing, inter-digitated fingers arranged to form an area variation inter-digitated capacitor to provide a capacitance;
wherein said inter-digitated fingers are coupled to a surface in a configuration to allow movement with bending of the surface;
wherein a change in area between the inter-digitated fingers due to lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers results in a change of capacitance; and
wherein said strain sensor apparatus is adapted for implantation into a biological host for detecting strain.
2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
a transmitter coupled to the inter-digitated capacitor; and
an antenna coupled to the transmitter;
wherein said inter-digitated capacitor functions as a sensor;
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for implantation in a biological host; and
wherein said sensor is encapsulated in a housing such that the sensor is sealed from the environment within the biological host.
3. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said transmitter and said antenna form said housing for encapsulating said sensor.
4. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , wherein lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers and said change in capacitance are linearly related.
5. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , wherein said inter-digitated capacitor has a sensitivity of 10 −14 F.
6. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said transmitter comprises a radio frequency transmitter.
7. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said transmitter comprises:
a voltage controlled oscillator; and
an RF power amplifier.
8. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said transmitter has an operating frequency of 100 GHz.
9. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said transmitter comprises a frequency modulation transmitter.
10. An apparatus as recited in claim 7 , wherein said voltage controlled oscillator comprises a ring oscillator.
11. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , wherein said antenna comprises a microstrip antenna.
12. An apparatus as recited in claim 11 , wherein said microstrip antenna comprises:
a conducting ground plane;
a low-loss dielectric substrate positioned on said ground plane; and
a thin metallic patch positioned on said dielectric substrate.
13. An apparatus as recited in claim 12 :
wherein said substrate has a dielectric constant;
wherein said substrate includes a cavity; and
wherein said cavity reduces the dielectric constant of said substrate.
14. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 , further comprising:
a power supply;
said power supply configured for inductive coupling to a power source;
said power supply coupled to said sensor and said transmitter;
wherein said power supply is adapted for implantation in a biological host.
15. An apparatus as recited in claim 14 , wherein said power supply comprises:
an inductive coil;
a rectifier coupled to said inductive coil; and
a regulator coupled to said rectifier.
16. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , further comprising a calibration circuit for calibrating said sensor by adjusting a baseline characteristic of said sensor.
17. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , wherein said sensor is adapted for monitoring glucose levels.
18. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , wherein said sensor is adapted for monitoring heart rate.
19. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 , wherein said sensor is configured for detecting a biomedical condition selected from the group consisting essentially of measurement of blood chemicals, factors, and minerals, glucose, electrolytes, sodium, hydration level, pH, toxic chemicals, or heavy metals.