Ultralow loss cavities and waveguides scattering loss cancellation

1. A system of waveguides comprising:

a first waveguide having surface roughness along at least one surface; and

a second waveguide substantially identical to the first waveguide and having surface roughness along a corresponding at least one surface of the second waveguide that is substantially identical to the surface roughness on the at least one surface of the first waveguide;

wherein the first waveguide is separated from the second waveguides by a predetermined distance;

wherein the first and second waveguides are configured to receive respective first and second light signals having antisymmetric modes and to propagate the first and second light signals in an antisymmetric super mode; and

wherein the predetermined distance between the first and second waveguide is effective for causing at least partial mutual cancellation of at least far-field polarization radiation emanating from the first and second waveguides and resulting from the surface roughness when the first and second waveguide are excited by a propagating antisymmetric super mode.

2. The system of waveguides according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a third waveguide having surface roughness that is substantially identical to the surface roughness of the first and second waveguides along a corresponding at least one surface of the third waveguide; and

a fourth waveguide having surface roughness that is substantially identical to the surface roughness of the first, second and third waveguides along a corresponding at least one surface of the fourth waveguide;

wherein the third and fourth waveguides are configured to receive respective third and fourth light signals having antisymmetric modes;

wherein the third waveguide is separated from the fourth waveguide by a first further predetermined distance and the third and fourth waveguides are separated from the first and second waveguides by a second predetermined distance such that the first, second, third and fourth light signals propagating through the respective first, second, third and fourth waveguides propagate in a further antisymmetric super mode.

3. The system of waveguides according to claim 1 , further including a mode converter that is configured to convert a single received light signal into the first and second light signals having antisymmetric modes.

4. The system of waveguides according to claim 3 , wherein the mode converter is a microring mode converter.

5. The system of waveguides according to claim 3 , wherein the mode converter is an adiabatic mode converter.

6. The system of waveguides according to claim 1 , wherein:

the first waveguide and second waveguides each have a top surface, a bottom surface a right surface and a left surface;

the first waveguide is positioned above the second waveguide;

the left surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness; and

the right surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness.

7. The system of waveguides according to claim 6 , wherein the first and second waveguides are formed on an integrated circuit substrate and the roughness on the right and left surfaces of the first and second waveguides results from photolithographic processing of the integrated circuit substrate and is in the form of vertical ridges.

8. The system of waveguides according to claim 1 , wherein:

the first waveguide and second waveguides each includes at least one microring resonator waveguide portion having a top surface, a bottom surface, an inner surface and an outer surface;

the first waveguide is positioned above the second waveguide;

the inner surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness; and

the outer surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness.

9. The system of waveguides according to claim 8 , wherein the first and second waveguides are formed on an integrated circuit substrate and the roughness on the inner and outer surfaces of the first and second waveguides is in the form of vertical ridges and results from photolithographic processing of the integrated circuit substrate.

10. The system of waveguides according to claim 9 , wherein:

the first and second waveguides further include respective first and second linear waveguide portions positioned with respect to the first and second microring resonators, respectively, to evanescently couple light from the first and second linear waveguides into the respective first and second microring resonators; and

each of the first and second linear waveguide portions has a top surface, a bottom surface a right surface and a left surface;

the left surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness; and

the right surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness.

11. The system of waveguides according to claim 10 , further including a mode converter that is configured to convert a single received light signal into the first and second light signals having antisymmetric modes, wherein the mode converter is configured to provide the first and second light signals to the first and second linear waveguides, respectively.

12. The system of waveguides according to claim 11 , wherein the mode converter is a microring mode converter.

13. The system of waveguides according to claim 11 , wherein the mode converter is an adiabatic mode converter.

14. The system of waveguides according to claim 1 , wherein:

the first waveguide and second waveguides each includes at least one photonic crystal structure having a plurality of apertures each aperture having an inner surface;

the first waveguide is positioned above the second waveguide; and

the inner surfaces of the first and second waveguides exhibit substantially identical roughness.

15. The system of waveguides according to claim 14 , wherein the first and second waveguides are formed on an integrated circuit substrate and the roughness on the inner surfaces of the first and second waveguides is in the form of vertical ridges and results from photolithographic processing of the integrated circuit substrate.