Refractory lining for titanium ore beneficiation
View Patent ↗The disclosure relates to a refractory which is resistant to corrosion which degrades the refractory during titanium-ore beneficiation in a furnace, particularly a rotary hearth furnace. In particular, the disclosure relates to a layered refractory lining for a furnace, for use in a titanium ore beneficiation process wherein a titanium oxide-rich molten slag is formed, comprising: (a) a first layer comprising a major proportion of alumina and a minor proportion of zirconia; (b) a second layer comprising a resistant agent for the molten slag; wherein the second layer is between the slag and the first layer.
1. A layered refractory lining for a furnace, for use in a titanium ore beneficiation process wherein a titanium oxide-rich and iron oxide-rich molten slag is formed, comprising:
(a) a first layer comprising alumina and zirconia having about 90 to about 99 wt. % alumina, and about 1 to about 10 wt. % zirconia, based on the entire weight of the first layer;
(b) a second layer comprising a resistant agent reaction product of the molten slag and the alumina and the zirconia; wherein the second layer is between the molten slag and the first layer; and
wherein the total amount of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide and cerium oxide is less than 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the refractory body.
2. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 wherein the second layer is formed in situ during the beneficiation process.
3. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 wherein the furnace is an electric arc furnace.
4. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 wherein the furnace is a rotary hearth furnace.
5. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 wherein the alumina ranges from about 97 wt. % to about 98 wt. % based on the entire weight of the first layer.
6. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 wherein the zirconia ranges from about 1 wt. % to about 2 wt. % based on the entire weight of the first layer.
7. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 further comprising calcia or magnesia or mixtures thereof.
8. The layered refractory lining of claim 1 further comprising yttrium oxide or cerium oxide or mixtures thereof.
9. A process for forming a resistant agent in a refractory body of a furnace for use in a titanium ore beneficiation process, comprising:
(i) forming agglomerates comprising carbon-based materials and a titanium-bearing ore, the quantity of carbon of the agglomerates being sufficient for, at an elevated temperature, reducing ferric oxide to ferrous oxide and forming a slag that is comprised of titanium oxide and iron oxide;
(ii) introducing the agglomerates onto a carbon bed of a moving hearth furnace, wherein the moving hearth furnace comprises a refractory lining comprising a first layer comprising alumina and zirconia having about 90 to about 99 wt. % alumina, and about 1 to about 10 wt. % zirconia, based on the entire weight of the first layer;
(iii) heating the agglomerates in the moving hearth furnace to a temperature sufficient for reducing and melting the agglomerates to produce a titanium oxide-rich molten slag, which contacts the refractory lining to produce a second layer comprising a resistant agent which is a reaction product of the slag, the alumina and the zirconia; wherein the second layer is formed between the slag and the first layer; and
wherein the total amount of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide and cerium oxide is less than 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the refractory body.
10. A resistant agent for a titanium oxide-rich molten slag comprising:
a reaction product of a first layer of a refractory lining comprising alumina and zirconia having about 90 to about 99 wt. % alumina, and about 1 to about 10 wt. % zirconia, based on the entire weight of the first layer and the titanium oxide-rich molten slag, wherein the resistant agent is the reaction product of the titanium oxide of the slag and the alumina and zirconia of the first layer; and wherein the total amount of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide and cerium oxide is less than 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the refractory body.
11. A preformed layered refractory lining for a furnace, for use in a titanium ore beneficiation process wherein a titanium oxide-rich and iron oxide-rich molten slag is formed, comprising:
(a) a first layer comprising alumina and zirconia having about 90 to about 99 wt. % alumina, and about 1 to about 10 wt. % zirconia, based on the entire weight of the first layer; and
(b) a paste comprising a source of titania, a source of carbon, and a binder,
wherein the first layer and the paste are heated prior to beneficiation so that paste forms a second layer attached to the first layer.