Remodeling and glycopegylation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

1. A Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) conjugate comprising a mutant FGF-21 peptide and a modifying group, wherein the mutant FGF-21 peptide has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146 except for the presence of at least one potential O-linked or N-linked glycosylation site not present in SEQ ID NO: 146, wherein the mutant FGF-21 peptide contains an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 323-325, wherein the O-linked glycosylation site is a serine or threonine residue and the N-linked glycosylation site is an asparagine, wherein the O-linked or N-linked glycosylation site is present at a site within SEQ ID NO: 323, 324, or 325, wherein said modifying group is selected from the group consisting of water-soluble polymers, therapeutic moieties, diagnostic moieties, targeting moieties, and biomolecules, wherein said modifying group is covalently attached to said peptide at a preselected glycosyl or amino acid residue of said peptide via an intact glycosyl linking group, wherein said modifying group is not a naturally occurring saccharide moiety, and wherein the FGF-21 conjugate retains a biological activity of SEQ ID NO: 146.

2. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein said FGF-21 peptide is at least 95% homologous to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146.

3. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein said modifying group is a water-soluble polymer.

4. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein said modifying group is covalently attached at said preselected glycosyl residue.

5. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 4 , wherein said modifying group is a non-glycosidic modifying group.

6. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 5 , wherein said non-glycosidic modifying group is a linear PEG or a branched PEG.

7. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 6 , wherein said non-glycosidic modifying group is a linear PEG and said linear PEG has a structure according to the following formula:

in which

R 2 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, sugar-nucleotide, and protein;

n is an integer selected from 1 to 2500;

m and o are integers independently selected from 0 to 20;

Z 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , halogen, S—R 3 , the alcohol portion of activated esters, —(CH 2 ) p C(Y 2 )V, —(CH 2 ) p U(CH 2 ) s C(Y 2 ) v , sugar-nucleotide, protein, and leaving group;

X, Y 1 , Y 2 , W and U are independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N—R 4 ;

V is a member selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , halogen, S—R 5 , the alcohol component of activated esters, the amine component of activated amides, sugar-nucleotides, and proteins;

p, s and v are integers independently selected from 0 to 20; and

R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

8. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein said modifying group covalently attached to said intact glycosyl linking group together is a modifying group-intact glycosyl linking group cassette having a structure according to the following formula:

wherein

R 2 is H, CH 2 OR 7 , COOR 7 or OR 7 , wherein R 7 represents H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl;

R 3 and R 4 are members independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, OR 8 , and NHC(O)R 9 , wherein R 8 and R 9 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, and sialic acid;

L a is a linker selected from the group consisting of a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl;

R 16 and R 17 are independently selected polymeric arms;

X 2 and X 4 are independently selected linkage fragments joining polymeric moieties R 16 and R 17 to C; and

X 5 is a non-reactive group.

9. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 8 , wherein said modifying group covalently attached to said intact glycosyl linking group together is a modifying group-intact glycosyl linking group cassette having a structure according to the following formula:

10. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein the mutant FGF-21 peptide contains SEQ ID NO: 323.

11. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein the mutant FGF-21 peptide contains SEQ ID NO: 324.

12. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 11 , wherein said modifying group is a water-soluble polymer.

13. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 12 , wherein said water-soluble polymer is a linear PEG or a branched PEG.

14. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 13 , wherein said water-soluble polymer is a linear PEG and said linear PEG has a structure according to the following formula:

in which

R 2 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, sugar-nucleotide, and protein;

n is an integer selected from 1 to 2500;

m and o are integers independently selected from 0 to 20;

Z 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , halogen, S—R 3 , the alcohol portion of activated esters, —(CH 2 ) p C(Y 2 )V, —(CH 2 ) p U(CH 2 ) s C(Y 2 ) v , sugar-nucleotide, protein, and leaving group;

X, Y 1 , Y 2 , W and U are independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N—R 4 ;

V is a member selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , halogen, S—R 5 , the alcohol component of activated esters, the amine component of activated amides, sugar-nucleotides, and proteins;

p, s and v are integers independently selected from 0 to 20; and

R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

15. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 13 , wherein said modifying group covalently attached to said intact glycosyl linking group together is a modifying group-intact glycosyl linking group cassette having a structure according to the following formula:

wherein b is an integer from 0 to 1, s is an integer from 1 to 10, and f is an integer from 1 to 2500.

16. The FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , wherein the mutant FGF-21 peptide contains SEQ ID NO: 325.

17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 and a carrier therefor.

18. A method of making the FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 , comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a nucleic acid encoding the mutant FGF-21 peptide in a host cell,

(b) culturing the host cell under conditions suitable for the expression of the nucleic acid to produce the mutant FGF-21 peptide,

(c) isolating the mutant FGF-21 peptide from the host cell, and

(d) enzymatically glycosylating the isolated mutant FGF-21 peptide with a sugar that has been covalently functionalized with the modifying group, wherein said glycosylating is a cell free, in vitro process,

thereby making the FGF-21 conjugate.

19. A method of treating FGF-21 deficiency in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the FGF-21 conjugate of claim 1 to the patient, thereby treating the FGF-21 deficiency in the patient.