Electrodes, electrochemical cells, and methods of forming electrodes and electrochemical cells
Electrodes and methods of forming electrodes are described herein. The electrode can be an electrode of an electrochemical cell or battery. The electrode includes a current collector and a film in electrical communication with the current collector. The film may include a carbon phase that holds the film together. The electrode further includes an electrode attachment substance that adheres the film to the current collector.
1. An electrode comprising:
a current collector;
an active material film in electrical communication with the current collector, the film comprising a carbon phase that holds the film together; and
a layer of material between the current collector and the film, wherein the layer comprises an electrode attachment substance that adheres the film to the current collector, and wherein the layer in the aggregate is substantially electrically nonconductive.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the film is a monolithic self-supporting film.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the film further comprises silicon particles distributed within the carbon phase.
4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon phase comprises hard carbon.
5. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises a polymer.
6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyamideimide.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
8. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyacrylic acid.
9. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the film comprises porosity and at least some of the electrode attachment substance is within the porosity of the film.
10. The electrode of claim 9 , wherein the porosity comprises about 5 to about 50 percent by volume of the film.
11. The electrode of claim 9 , wherein the porosity comprises about 1 to about 70 percent by volume of the film.
12. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector is an electrically conductive foil.
13. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode attachment substance allows for expansion of the active material film and current collector without significant failure of the electrode.
14. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode can be bent to a radius of curvature of at least 7 mm without significant cracking.
15. A method of forming an electrode of claim 1 comprising:
sandwiching a layer comprising an electrode attachment substance between a current collector and a solid film comprising electrochemically active material such that the layer comprising the electrode attachment substance adheres the solid film to the current collector and the solid film is in electrical communication with the current collector, wherein the layer in the aggregate is substantially electrically nonconductive, and wherein the solid film comprises a carbon phase that holds the film together.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the solid film at least partially absorbs the electrode attachment substance into porosity of the film.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises a polymer.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyamideimide.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrode attachment substance comprises polyacrylic acid.
21. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a porous separator sheet; and
a cell attachment substance sandwiched between the porous separator sheet and the electrode of claim 1 .
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the cell attachment substance comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the cell attachment substance coats at least one of the porous separator sheet and the electrode.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the cell attachment substance coats the porous separator sheet and the electrode.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 , wherein the cell attachment substance that coats the porous separator sheet is a first cell attachment substance and the cell attachment substance that coats the electrode is a second cell attachment substance that is chemically different than the first cell attachment substance.
26. A method of forming an electrochemical cell comprising:
sandwiching a cell attachment substance between a porous separator sheet and the electrode of claim 1 .
27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising coating at least one of the porous separator sheet and the electrode with the cell attachment substance.
28. The method of claim 26 , further comprising coating the porous separator sheet and the electrode with the cell attachment substance.
29. The method of claim 28 , further comprising heating the cell attachment substance after sandwiching the cell attachment substance between the porous separator sheet and the electrode.