Porous Electrode with Improved Conductivity
Methods for improving the electrical conductivity of a carbon felt material is provided. In some embodiments, a method improving the electrical conductivity of a carbon felt material comprises applying a carbon source liquid to at least a portion of a carbon felt material, optionally removing excess carbon source liquid from the carbon felt material, and converting the carbon source material to solid carbon, such as by heating. Also provided are materials and products created using these methods.
1 . A method of improving electrical conductivity of a carbon felt material, the method comprising:
applying a carbon source liquid to at least a portion of a carbon felt material; and
converting the applied carbon source liquid to solid carbon.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing excess carbon source liquid from the at least a portion of the carbon felt material prior to converting the applied carbon source liquid to solid carbon.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein converting the applied carbon source liquid to solid carbon comprises heating the applied carbon source liquid in an inert environment.
4 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising polymerizing the applied carbon source liquid prior to converting the carbon source liquid to solid carbon.
5 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising polymerizing the applied carbon source liquid in an atmosphere greater than two times atmospheric pressure to mitigate vaporization of the applied carbon source liquid.
6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising hardening the applied carbon source liquid by exposing it to ultraviolet light prior to converting the applied carbon source liquid to solid carbon.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid is selected from a group consisting of acrylonitrile, a phenol, an acrylate ester, a cyanoacrylate ester, a combination of bisphenol-A with epi-chlorohydrin, a combination of epoxide with an aromatic amine, and a combination of a phenol with formaldehyde.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the carbon source liquid further comprises a solvent that prevents polymerization of the carbon source liquid prior to applying the carbon source liquid to the at least a portion of a carbon felt material.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid has a boiling point temperature greater than 125° C. at one atmosphere pressure.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid has a carbon/hydrogen (C/H) atomic ratio greater than 0.85, excluding any solvent.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid has a carbon/oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio that is greater than 2.5, excluding any solvent.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid has a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) atomic ratio that is greater than 4, excluding any solvent.
13 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding conductive particles to the carbon source liquid prior to applying the carbon source liquid to the at least a portion of a carbon felt material.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive particles are selected from a group consisting of powered graphite, carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber, metallic filings, and carbon nanotubes.
15 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive particles are selected from a group consisting of lead, bismuth, gold, cadmium, titanium, and zirconium carbide.
16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive particles comprise a selected one of a reaction catalyst and a reaction suppressant.
17 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising bonding the carbon felt material to a bipolar plate.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid comprises an amount of oxygen sufficient to chemically interact with carbon during heating to produce surface roughness.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source liquid comprises an aqueous solution.
20 . A porous electrode, comprising:
a carbon felt material; and
a carbon layer formed by applying a carbon source liquid on at least a portion of the carbon felt material and converting the applied carbon source liquid to solid carbon.
21 . The porous electrode of claim 20 , wherein the carbon source liquid is selected from a group consisting of acrylonitrile, a phenol, an acrylate ester, a cyanoacrylate ester, a combination of bisphenol-A with epi-chlorohydrin, a combination of epoxide with an aromatic amine, and a combination of a phenol with formaldehyde.
22 . The porous electrode of claim 20 , wherein the carbon layer further comprises conductive particles added to the carbon source liquid prior to applying the carbon source liquid to the at least a portion of a carbon felt material.
23 . The porous electrode of claim 22 , wherein the conductive particles are selected from a group consisting of powered graphite, carbon black, metallic filings, carbon nanotubes, lead, bismuth, gold, cadmium, titanium, and zirconium carbide.
24 . The porous electrode of claim 23 , wherein the conductive particles comprise a selected one of a reaction catalyst and a reaction suppressant.
25 . The porous electrode of claim 20 , further comprising a bipolar plate bonded to the carbon felt material.
26 . A reduction-oxidation (redox) cell, comprising:
a first chamber containing a first liquid electrolyte; and
a first porous electrode in the first chamber, the first porous electrode being electrically conductive and chemically inert with respect to the first liquid electrolyte, wherein the first porous electrode comprises:
a carbon felt material, and
a carbon layer formed by applying a carbon source liquid on at least a portion of the carbon felt material and converting the applied carbon source liquid to a solid carbon.
27 . The redox cell of claim 26 , further comprising:
a second chamber containing a second liquid electrolyte;
an ion permeable membrane separating the first and second chambers; and
a second porous electrode in the second chamber, the second porous electrode being electrically conductive and chemically inert with respect to the second liquid electrolyte, wherein the second porous electrode comprises:
a carbon felt material, and
a carbon layer formed by applying a carbon source liquid on at least a portion of the carbon felt material and converting the applied carbon source liquid to a solid carbon,
wherein a selected one of the first and second liquid electrolyte comprises an anode fluid and the other one comprises a cathode fluid.
28 . The redox cell of claim 26 , wherein the carbon source liquid has a physical property selected from a group consisting of a high carbon/hydrogen (C/H) ratio, a high carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio, and a high carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio that are selected to result in most of the carbon source liquid converting to solid carbon by weight.