GENOTYPE SPECIFIC METHODS FOR TREATING HUMAN SUBJECTS USING 4-METHYLPYRAZOLE
Provided herein are methods of administering 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), or physiologically acceptable salts thereof, to subjects of genetic subpopulations expressing specific polymorphisms of the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes. Also provided herein are methods to prevent or ameliorate ethanol intolerance, reduce or ameliorate symptoms associated with acetaldehyde accumulation accompanying ethanol consumption, or reduce the risk of diseases or disorders caused by consumption of ethanol, comprising administering 4-MP, or physiologically acceptable salts thereof, to subjects of these subpopulations.
1 . A method for preventing or ameliorating a symptom of ethanol intolerance in a subject with reduced or absent aldehyde dehydrogenase subtype 2 (ALDH2) activity comprising orally administering to the subject about 0.1 milligram to about 4 milligrams of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) per kilogram of the subject's body mass, wherein the subject is homozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtype 2*1 (ADH2*1/ADH2*1) or is heterozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtypes 2*1 and 2*2 (ADH2*1/ADH2*2).
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the symptom of ethanol intolerance is selected from the group consisting of flushing, elevated heart rate, palpitations, hypotension, nausea, dizziness, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, upset stomach, ataxia, and confused consciousness.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein 4-MP is administered in a free base form.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein 4-MP is administered in a physiologically acceptable salt form.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein 4-MP is orally administered before the subject consumes ethanol.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein 4-MP is orally administered about one hour to about fifteen minutes before the subject consumes ethanol.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein 4-MP is orally administered concurrently with the subject's consumption of ethanol or after the subject has consumed ethanol.
8 . A method of preventing or reducing a symptom associated with acetaldehyde accumulation accompanying ethanol consumption in a subject with reduced or absent aldehyde dehydrogenase subtype 2 (ALDH2) activity comprising administering an effective amount of 4-MP that reduces acetaldehyde accumulation by about 50% to about 60% as compared to a subject not administered 4-MP, wherein the subject is homozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtype 2*1 (ADH2*1/ADH2*1) or is heterozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtypes 2*1 and 2*2 (ADH2*1/ADH2*2).
9 . The method of claim 1 or 8 , wherein the percent reduction in the subject's ethanol elimination rate is no more than about 10% in comparison to the ethanol elimination rate of a subject not administered 4-MP.
10 . A method of ameliorating a symptom of acetaldehyde accumulation accompanying ethanol consumption in a subject with reduced or absent aldehyde dehydrogenase subtype 2 (ALDH2) activity comprising administering an amount of 4-MP or a physiologically acceptable salt of 4-MP effective to reduce or inhibit ethanol-oxidizing activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the subject, wherein the subject is homozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtype 2*1 (ADH2*1/ADH2*1) or is heterozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtypes 2*1 and 2*2 (ADH2*1/ADH2*2).
11 . The method of claim 8 or 10 , wherein the symptom of acetaldehyde accumulation is selected from the group consisting of flushing, elevated heart rate, palpitations, hypotension, nausea, dizziness, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, upset stomach, ataxia, and confused consciousness.
12 . A method for reducing a risk in a subject for a disease or disorder caused by consumption of ethanol in a subject with reduced or absent aldehyde dehydrogenase subtype 2 (ALDH2) activity comprising administering an amount of 4-MP or a physiologically acceptable salt of 4-MP effective to increase catabolism of acetaldehyde in the subject, wherein the acetaldehyde is a product of ethanol consumption by the subject and wherein increasing catabolism of acetaldehyde reduces a risk for a disease or disorder in the subject caused by consumption of ethanol, wherein the subject is homozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtype 2*1 (ADH2*1/ADH2*1) or is heterozygous for alcohol dehydrogenase subtypes 2*1 and 2*2 (ADH2*1/ADH2*2).
13 . The method of either one of claims 1 , 8 , 10 and 12 , wherein the subject is a human.
14 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the disease or disorder comprises upper aerodigestive tract cancers, digestive tract cancers or breast cancer.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the upper aerodigestive tract cancer comprises esophageal, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, head or neck cancer.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the digestive cancer comprises stomach or colon cancer.
17 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the disease or disorder comprises late-onset Alzheimers disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, Parkinson's disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and cerebral ischemia.
18 . The method of claim 10 or 12 , wherein an effective amount of a hydrochloride salt of 4-MP is administered.
19 . The method of any one of claims 8 , 10 and 12 , wherein about 0.1 milligram to about 4 milligrams of 4-MP per kilogram of subject body mass is administered.
20 . (canceled)
21 . (canceled)
22 . (canceled)
23 . (canceled)