Viscosity measuring method
A method for measuring the average viscosity of a test fluid uses calibrated magnetic nanoparticles, with certain chosen hydrodynamic diameters and actual lateral dimensions (e.g. diameters), that are mixed into a small volume of the test fluid and a single magnetic relaxation curve measurement to provide data for viscosity determination. The distribution of hydrodynamic particle sizes of an ensemble of magnetic nanoparticles that are magnetically blocked at room temperature can be determined. Modifications of the method can be used to determine the distribution of viscosities in a complex fluid at the sub-microscopic level providing a novel type of viscosity measurement.
1. A method of measuring the viscosity of a test fluid using calibrated magnetic particles having a hydrodynamic size distribution, comprising
1) a calibration step involving calibrating the magnetic particles having said hydrodynamic size distribution by introducing them into a calibration fluid of known viscosity, subjecting the calibration fluid to a magnetic field pulse to rotate the magnetic particles, then measuring Brownian rotational magnetic relaxation of the pulse-induced magnetization of the magnetic particles in the calibration fluid after termination of the magnetic field pulse, and determining a single decay time constant of the magnetization of the magnetic particles in the calibration fluid, and
2) a test fluid measuring step involving introducing into the test fluid magnetic particles of the same type having the same hydrodynamic size distribution as used in the calibration step, subjecting the test fluid to a magnetic field pulse to rotate the magnetic particles without altering the hydrodynamic size distribution used in the calibration step, then measuring Brownian rotational magnetic relaxation of the pulse-induced magnetization of the magnetic particles themselves in the test fluid after termination of the magnetic field pulse, determining a single decay time constant of the magnetization of the magnetic particles in the test fluid, and determining viscosity of the test fluid from a ratio of the decay time constant determined from the test fluid and the decay time constant determined from the calibration fluid of the known viscosity wherein the viscosity of the test fluid varies linearly with the single decay time constant measured from the test fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 including introducing in the test fluid composite particles each comprising multiple nanoparticles held together by a non-magnetic coating or matrix to achieve a selected range of hydrodynamic diameters.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein each magnetic particle has an actual lateral dimension selected large enough to reduce or eliminate Neel relaxation effects on the magnetic relaxation measurement.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic particles are introduced in a first fluid and then the particle-containing first fluid is mixed into the test fluid wherein the first fluid and the test fluid are miscible.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the Brownian magnetic relaxation of the particles themselves is detected in a magnetic field that is no greater than an ambient magnetic field present in a room where the measurement is made.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the viscosity, EtaS, of the test fluid is determined using the equation:
EtaS =EtaW×tauSb/tauWb,
wherein EtaW is the viscosity of the calibration fluid, tauSb is the Brownian time constant of the particles in the test fluid, and tauWb is a calibrated Brownian time constant of the particles in the calibration fluid.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the viscosity is determined by determining the Brownian time constant of the particles in the test fluid and obtaining a viscosity value of the test fluid from a correlation plot of calibrated Brownian time constants in a series of calibration fluids versus viscosity of the calibration fluids.
8. The method of claim 1 including adjusting the determination of viscosity by a Neel relaxation correction of the particles.
9. The method of claim 1 including calibrating the magnetic particles in water as the calibration fluid when the test fluid is blood or other water-based fluid.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the particles comprise a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material.