Electrical devices and dielectric fluids containing estolide base oils
Provided herein are dielectric fluids comprising at least one estolide compound of formula: in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R 1 , independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R 2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R 3 and R 4 , independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided herein are uses of dielectric fluids and electrical devices such as transformers that comprise a dielectric fluid comprising at least one estolide compound.
1. An electrical transformer containing at least one dielectric fluid, said at least one dielectric fluid having an EN selected from an integer or fraction of an integer that is equal to or less than 1.5, wherein the EN is the average number of estolide linkages in compounds according to Formula I, and wherein the at least one dielectric fluid comprises at least one estolide compound of Formula I:
wherein
x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 20;
y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 20;
n is an integer equal to or greater than 0;
R 1 is an optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and
R 2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;
wherein each fatty acid chain residue of said at least one compound is independently optionally substituted.
2. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein
x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 1 to 10;
y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 1 to 10;
n is an integer selected from 0 to 8;
R 1 is an optionally substituted C 1 to C 22 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and
R 2 is an optionally substituted C 1 to C 22 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched,
wherein each fatty acid chain residue is unsubstituted.
3. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein
x+y is, independently for each chain, an integer selected from 13 to 15; and
n is an integer selected from 0 to 6.
4. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is a branched or unbranched C 1 to C 20 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated.
5. The electrical transformer according to claim 4 , wherein R 2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, and icosanyl, which are saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.
6. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is a branched or unbranched C 1 to C 20 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated.
7. The electrical transformer according to claim 6 , wherein R 1 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, and icosanyl, which are saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.
8. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a kinematic viscosity equal to or less than 45 cSt when measured at 40° C.
9. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a pour point equal to or lower than −25° C.
10. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid further comprises at least one additive selected from an antioxidant, an antimicrobial agent, a cold flow modifier, a pour point modifier, a metal chelating agent, or a metal deactivator.
11. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said electrical transformer comprises a housing and a core/coil assembly, wherein the core/coil assembly is positioned in the housing and wherein the at least one dielectric fluid surrounds at least a portion of the core/coil assembly.
12. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a fire point of greater than or equal to 300° C.
13. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a flash point of greater than or equal to 275° C.
14. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a dielectric breakdown voltage under impulse conditions (25° C., needle negative to sphere grounded, 1 in.) of greater than or equal to 130 kV.
15. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a total acid number equal to or less than 0.1 mg KOH/g.
16. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.
17. The electrical transformer according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one additive is an antioxidant comprising one or more of BHT, BHA, TBHQ, DBPC, THBP, an alkylated diphenylamine, vitamin E, or ascorbyl palmitate.
18. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has an electrical conductivity of less than or equal to 5 pS/M at 25° C.
19. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid has a color of less than or equal to 1 when measured according to ASTM Method D1500.
20. The electrical transformer according to claim 3 , wherein x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 7 and 8.
21. The electrical transformer according to claim 3 , wherein y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 7 and 8.
22. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one dielectric fluid comprises at least one additive selected from one or more of a polyalphaolefin, a synthetic ester, a polyalkylene glycol, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, an animal-based oil, a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a triglyceride, or a fatty-acid ester.
23. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is selected from C 6 to C 12 alkyl.
24. The electrical transformer according to claim 23 , wherein R 2 is 2-ethylhexyl.
25. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from unsubstituted C 7 to C 17 alkyl that is unbranched and saturated or unsaturated.
26. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from C 13 to C 17 alkyl that is unsubstituted, unbranched, and saturated or unsaturated.
27. The electrical transformer according to claim 26 , wherein R 1 is selected from saturated C 7 alkyl, saturated C 9 alkyl, saturated C 11 alkyl, saturated C 13 alkyl, saturated C 15 alkyl, and saturated or unsaturated C 17 alkyl, which are unsubstituted and unbranched.
28. The electrical transformer according to claim 27 , wherein R 1 is selected from saturated C 13 alkyl, saturated C 15 alkyl, and saturated or unsaturated C 17 alkyl, which are unsubstituted and unbranched.
29. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.
30. The electrical transformer according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from optionally substituted C 7 to C 17 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R 2 is selected from an optionally substituted C 3 to C 20 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.