Apparatus and method for highly accelerated life testing of solar cells
An apparatus is provided for highly accelerated life testing (HALT) of multi-junction solar cells according to a method that utilizes a high vacuum chamber, as well as lenses and windows transparent to broad spectrum solar radiation from typically a single source to house packaged solar chips and temperature monitoring and control means during testing, thereby allowing substantially greater control of environmental variables such as temperature, atmospheric composition, and light spectrum than is currently available.
1. An apparatus for highly accelerated life testing of solar cells, comprising:
a chamber, a top surface of the chamber comprising a window transparent to radiation;
a radiation source, wherein the radiation source is configured to project radiation through the window;
a collimator configured to collimate the radiation;
a light shuttering system comprising a rotatable shuttering wheel, wherein the shuttering wheel comprises one or more apertures;
a light focusing system comprising a lens, a focusing actuator, and a translation stage;
a light clipping system comprising a clipping plate, wherein the clipping plate comprises an aperture and a translation stage;
a thermal stage disposed within the chamber for receiving a solar cell in conductive thermal contact, wherein the thermal stage comprises a heating element and a cooling element for controlling a temperature of the solar cell; and
control and measurement circuitry configured to establish the temperature and radiation parameters and to measure functional characteristics of the solar cell.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the radiation source is an arc lamp.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to control a direction of rotation and a rate of rotation of the shuttering wheel.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature of each the thermal stage is controlled by controlled infusion of electrical current, light, and a coolant through the stage.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the coolant is liquid nitrogen.
6. The apparatus according to claim 4 further comprising a first regulator for manipulating a concentration of oxygen within the chamber.
7. A method of highly accelerated life testing a solar cell, comprising:
providing the apparatus of claim 1 ;
mounting a solar cell on the thermal stage;
controlling the amount of radiation reaching the solar cell using the collimator, the light shuttering system, the light focusing system, and the light clipping system;
controlling the temperature of the solar cell using the thermal stage; and
measuring functional characteristics of the solar cell.
8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the apparatus comprises a controller configured to control a direction of rotation and a rate of rotation of the shuttering wheel.
9. The method according to claim 7 wherein the temperature is controlled by infusing one of electrical current and coolant through said thermal stage.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the coolant is liquid nitrogen.
11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the temperature of the thermal stage is controlled within the range of about −140° C. and +275° C.
12. The method according to claim 7 wherein the radiation source produces wavelengths in the range of about 240 nanometers to 2500 nanometers.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the radiation is concentrated to between 100 and 1200 suns.
14. The method according to claim 7 wherein concentration of oxygen within the chamber is manipulated to mimic high-altitude conditions.
15. The method according to claim 7 wherein a corrosive environment is maintained within the chamber during testing.
16. The method according to claim 7 wherein an acidic environment is maintained within the chamber during testing.
17. The method according to claim 7 wherein the solar cell is tested to failure.