Operating a DC-DC converter
View Patent ↗Operating a DC-DC converter that includes: a directly coupled inductor with a first and second coil element, the first and second coil element coupled to an output filter and a load; and power-switching phases, including: a first power-switching phase that includes a high-side and low-side switch, where the high-side switch is configured, when activated, to couple a voltage source to the first coil element and the low-side switch is configured, when activated, to couple the first coil element to a ground voltage; and a second power-switching phase that includes a high-side and low-side switch, where the high-side switch is configured, when activated, to couple the voltage source to the second coil element and the low-side switch is configured, when activated, to couple the second coil element to the ground voltage; and the switches are activated alternatively with no two switches are activated at the same time.
1. A method of operating a DC (‘Direct Current’)-DC converter, the DC-DC converter comprising:
a directly coupled inductor comprising a first coil element and a second coil element, the first coil element and second coil element coupled to an output filter and a load; and
a plurality of power-switching phases comprising:
a first power-switching phase comprising a high-side switch and a low-side switch, wherein the high-side switch of the first power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple a voltage source to the first coil element and the low-side switch of the first power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the first coil element to a ground voltage; and
a second power-switching phase comprising a high-side switch and a low-side switch, wherein the high-side switch of the second power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the voltage source to the second coil element and the low-side switch of the second power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the second coil element to the ground voltage; wherein the method comprises:
alternatively activating each switch, wherein no two switches are activated at the same time; wherein alternatively activating each switch further comprises:
activating each high-side switch for a period of time according to:
D
N
where D represents a duty cycle and N represents the number of power-switching phases; and
activating each low-side switch for a period of time according to:
(
1
-
D
)
N
.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein alternatively activating each switch further comprises:
activating the high-side switch of the first power-switching phase, including coupling the voltage source to the first coil element, energizing a magnetic core of the directly coupled inductor, and providing, via the first coil element, output current to the filter and load;
activating the low-side switch of the first power-switching phase, including coupling the first coil element to the ground voltage and providing, via the second coil element and the energized magnetic core, output current to the filter and load;
activating the high-side switch of the second power-switching phase, including coupling the voltage source to the second coil element, re-energizing the magnetic core of the directly coupled inductor, and providing, via the second coil element, output current to the filter and load; and
activating the low-side switch of the second power-switching phase, including coupling the second coil element to the ground voltage and providing, via the first coil element and the energized magnetic core, output current to the filter and load.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of phases is inversely proportional to the duty cycle of activating the switches and thereby inversely proportional to the inductance of the directly coupled inductor.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein current ripple experienced by the filter and the load comprises:
1
f
*
L
OL
*
(
1
-
V
OUT
V
IN
)
*
V
OUT
N
,
where f represents the frequency of alternatively activating each switch, L OL represents the open loop inductance of the directly coupled inductor, N represents the number of power-switching phases, V IN represents the voltage of the voltage source and V OUT represents the voltage experienced at the filter and load.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein each high-side switch and each low-side switch comprises a Field Effect Transistor.
6. An apparatus for operating a DC (‘Direct Current’)-DC converter, the DC-DC converter comprising:
a directly coupled inductor comprising a first coil element and a second coil element, the first coil element and second coil element coupled to an output filter and a load; and
a plurality of power-switching phases comprising:
a first power-switching phase comprising a high-side switch and a low-side switch, wherein the high-side switch of the first power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple a voltage source to the first coil element and the low-side switch of the first power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the first coil element to a ground voltage; and
a second power-switching phase comprising a high-side switch and a low-side switch, wherein the high-side switch of the second power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the voltage source to the second coil element and the low-side switch of the second power-switching phase is configured, when activated, to couple the second coil element to the ground voltage;
wherein the apparatus comprises a controller configured for alternatively activating each switch, wherein no two switches are activated at the same time
wherein alternatively activating each switch includes:
activating each high-side switch for a period of time according to:
D
N
where D represents a duty cycle and N represents the number of power-switching phases; and
activating each low-side switch for a period of time according to:
(
1
-
D
)
N
.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein alternatively activating each switch further comprises:
activating the high-side switch of the first power-switching phase, including coupling the voltage source to the first coil element, energizing a magnetic core of the directly coupled inductor, and providing, via the first coil element, output current to the filter and load;
activating the low-side switch of the first power-switching phase, including coupling the first coil element to the ground voltage and providing, via the second coil element and the energized magnetic core, output current to the filter and load;
activating the high-side switch of the second power-switching phase, including coupling the voltage source to the second coil element, re-energizing the magnetic core of the directly coupled inductor, and providing, via the second coil element, output current to the filter and load; and
activating the low-side switch of the second power-switching phase, including coupling the second coil element to the ground voltage and providing, via the first coil element and the energized magnetic core, output current to the filter and load.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the number of phases is inversely proportional to the duty cycle of activating the switches and thereby inversely proportional to the inductance of the directly coupled inductor.
9. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein current ripple experienced by the filter and the load comprises:
1
f
*
L
OL
*
(
1
-
V
OUT
V
IN
)
*
V
OUT
N
,
where f represents the frequency of alternatively activating each switch, L OL represents the open loop inductance of the directly coupled inductor, N represents the number of power-switching phases, V IN represents the voltage of the voltage source and V OUT represents the voltage experienced at the filter and load.
10. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each high-side switch and each low-side switch comprises a Field Effect Transistor.
11. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the apparatus further comprises a power supply for a computer.