Clay Stabilization With Nanoparticles
A treating fluid may contain an effective amount of a particulate additive to stabilize clays, such as clays in a subterranean formation, by inhibiting or preventing them from swelling and/or migrating, where the particulate additive is an alkaline earth metal oxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, alkali metal oxide, alkali metal hydroxide, transition metal oxide, transition metal hydroxide, post-transition metal oxide, post-transition metal hydroxide, piezoelectric crystal, and/or pyroelectric crystal. The particle size of the magnesium oxide or other agent may be nanometer scale, which scale may provide unique particle charges that help stabilize the clays. These treating fluids may be used as treatment fluids for subterranean hydrocarbon formations, such as in hydraulic fracturing, completion fluids, gravel packing fluids and fluid loss pills. The carrier fluid used in the treating fluid may be aqueous, brine, alcoholic or hydrocarbon-based.
1 . A method for stabilizing clays comprising:
introducing into a subterranean formation containing clays a treating fluid comprising:
a base fluid, and
an amount of a particulate additive effective to stabilize the clays, the particulate additive:
having a mean particle size of 100 nm or less, and
being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof, and
contacting the clays in the formation with the treating fluid and inhibiting the clays from expansion and/or migration by associating the particulate additive with the clays by surface forces of the particulate additive as compared with introducing an identical fluid absent the particulate additive, without being pore plugging.
2 . The method of claim 1 where the base fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, brine, oil, alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
3 . The method of claim 1 where:
the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium,
the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium,
the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and
the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof.
4 . The method of claim 1 where the effective amount of the particulate additive ranges from about 2 to about 1000 pptg based on the treating fluid.
5 . The method of claim 1 further comprising:
a condition selected from the group consisting of:
where the introducing comprises fracturing and where when the introducing comprises fracturing the treating fluid further comprises a proppant;
where the introducing comprises acidizing and where when the introducing comprises acidizing the treating fluid further comprises an acid;
where the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel and where when the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel the treating fluid further comprises gravel;
where the introducing comprises completing a well; and
where the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss and where when the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss the treating fluid further comprises a salt or easily removed solid;
where the introducing comprises drilling through a subterranean formation where the treating fluid is a drilling fluid; and
combinations thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 where the mean particle size of the particulate additive is 90 nm or less.
7 . A method for stabilizing clays comprising:
introducing into a subterranean formation containing clays a treating fluid comprising:
a base fluid, and
an amount of a particulate additive effective to stabilize the clays, the particulate additive:
having a mean particle size of 100 nm or less, and
being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof, and
contacting the clays in the formation with the treating fluid and inhibiting the clays from expansion and/or migration by associating the particulate additive with the clays by surface forces of the particulate additive as compared with introducing an identical fluid absent the particulate additive, in the absence of cementing.
8 . The method of claim 7 where the base fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, brine, oil, alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
9 . The method of claim 7 where:
the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium,
the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium,
the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and
the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof.
10 . The method of claim 7 where the effective amount of the particulate additive ranges from about 2 to about 1000 pptg based on the treating fluid.
11 . The method of claim 7 further comprising:
a condition selected from the group consisting of:
where the introducing comprises fracturing and where when the introducing comprises fracturing the treating fluid further comprises a proppant;
where the introducing comprises acidizing and where when the introducing comprises acidizing the treating fluid further comprises an acid;
where the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel and where when the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel the treating fluid further comprises gravel;
where the introducing comprises completing a well; and
where the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss and where when the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss the treating fluid further comprises a salt or easily removed solid;
where the introducing comprises drilling through a subterranean formation where the treating fluid is a drilling fluid; and
combinations thereof.
12 . The method of claim 7 where the mean particle size of the particulate additive is 90 nm or less.
13 . A method for stabilizing clays comprising:
introducing into a subterranean formation containing clays a treating fluid comprising:
a base fluid, and
from about 2 to about 1000 pptg based on the treating fluid of a particulate additive effective to stabilize the clays, the particulate additive:
having a mean particle size of 90 nm or less, and
being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof, and
contacting the clays in the formation with the treating fluid and inhibiting the clays from expansion and/or migration by associating the particulate additive with the clays by surface forces of the particulate additive as compared with introducing an identical fluid absent the particulate additive, in the absence of cementing.
14 . The method of claim 13 where the base fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, brine, oil, alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
15 . The method of claim 13 where:
the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium,
the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium,
the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and
the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof.
16 . The method of claim 13 further comprising:
a condition selected from the group consisting of:
where the introducing comprises fracturing and where when the introducing comprises fracturing the treating fluid further comprises a proppant;
where the introducing comprises acidizing and where when the introducing comprises acidizing the treating fluid further comprises an acid;
where the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel and where when the introducing comprises packing the formation with gravel the treating fluid further comprises gravel;
where the introducing comprises completing a well; and
where the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss and where when the introducing comprises controlling fluid loss the treating fluid further comprises a salt or easily removed solid;
where the introducing comprises drilling through a subterranean formation where the treating fluid is a drilling fluid; and
combinations thereof.