Apparatus and process for gasification of carbonaceous materials to produce syngas
A process and apparatus are provided for gasification of a carbonaceous material. The process produces a raw syngas that can be further processed in a tar destruction zone to provide a hot syngas. The process includes contacting said carbonaceous material with molecular oxygen-containing gas in a gasification zone to gasify a portion of said carbonaceous material and to produce a first gaseous product. A remaining portion of the carbonaceous material is contacted with molecular oxygen-containing gas in a burn-up zone to gasify additional portion of the carbonaceous material and to produce a second gaseous product and a solid ash. The first gaseous product and said second gaseous product are combined to produce a raw syngas that includes carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and tar. The raw syngas is contacted with molecular oxygen containing gas in a tar destruction zone to produce said hot syngas.
1. A process for gasification of a carbonaceous material to produce a raw syngas, said process comprising:
(a) contacting a moving bed of said carbonaceous material with a first molecular oxygen-containing gas and optionally with one or more of steam and CO 2 in a gasification zone to gasify a portion of said carbonaceous material and to produce a first gaseous product;
(b) contacting an unconverted portion of said carbonaceous material from said gasification zone with a second molecular oxygen-containing gas and optionally with one or more of steam and CO 2 in a burn-up zone to gasify an additional portion of said carbonaceous material and to produce a second gaseous product and a solid ash comprising carbon; and
(c) conveying said first gaseous product, said second gaseous product, and a third molecular oxygen-containing gas to a connecting zone to produce said raw syngas,
wherein a CO/CO 2 molar ratio in said raw syngas is greater than about 0.75 and ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.1.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the CO/CO 2 molar ratio in said raw syngas is greater than about 1.0.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein a weight ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.05.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein a weight ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.01.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein carbon content of said solid ash is less than about 10%.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein carbon content of said solid ash is less than about 5 weight %.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein mass of total oxygen per unit mass of total carbon in carbonaceous material feed entering gasification zone is less than mass of total oxygen per unit mass of total carbon in unconverted portion of carbonaceous material feed entering burn-up zone.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the gasification zone includes one or more gasification hearths.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the burn-up zone includes one or more burn-up hearths.
10. The process of claim 8 wherein one or more of said gasification hearths accomplish preheating of said carbonaceous material by heat exchange with one or more of said first gaseous product and second gaseous product.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein said carbonaceous material is selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste (MSW or msw), carbonaceous urban waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical co-products, carbonaceous alcohol production co-products, carbonaceous coal, tires, plastics, waste plastic, coke oven tar, fibersoft, lignin, black liquor, polymers, waste polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PETA), polystyrene (PS), sewage sludge, animal waste, crop residues, energy crops, forest processing residues, wood processing residues, livestock wastes, poultry wastes, food processing residues, fermentative process wastes, ethanol co-products, spent grain, spent microorganisms, and mixtures thereof.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein ratio of total amount of molecular oxygen contained in the first molecular oxygen containing gas and the second molecular oxygen containing gas to the total amount of molecular oxygen required to completely oxidize all carbon contained in carbonaceous material feed to carbon dioxide is in a range of 0.1 to 0.9.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein molecular oxygen is introduced into the gasification zone and burn-up zone at a rate of about 0 to about 75 lb-mole per tone of carbonaceous material on a dry basis.
14. The process of claim 1 wherein a temperature of the gasification zone and burn-up zone is not greater than 800° C.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the raw syngas has a tar equivalent content below about 10 ppm.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein the tar equivalent content is equivalent to a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of benzene, alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
17. A process for gasification of a carbonaceous material to produce a hot syngas, said process comprising:
(a) contacting a moving bed of said carbonaceous material with a first molecular oxygen-containing gas and optionally with one or more of steam and CO 2 in a gasification zone to gasify a portion of said carbonaceous material and to produce a first gaseous product;
(b) contacting an unconverted portion of said carbonaceous material from said gasification zone with a second molecular oxygen-containing gas and optionally with one or more of steam and CO 2 in a burn-up zone to gasify additional portion of said carbonaceous material and to produce a second gaseous product and a solid ash comprising carbon;
(c) conveying said first gaseous product, said second gaseous product, and a third molecular oxygen containing gas to a connecting zone to produce a raw syngas comprising carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and tar; and
(d) conveying said raw syngas from the connecting zone to a tar destruction zone to produce said hot syngas,
wherein a CO/CO 2 molar ratio in said hot syngas is greater than about 0.75 and ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.1.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein the CO/CO 2 molar ratio in said raw syngas is greater than about 0.75.
19. The process of claim 17 wherein the CO/CO 2 molar ratio in said hot syngas is greater than about 1.0.
20. The process of claim 17 wherein a weight ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.05.
21. The process of claim 17 wherein a weight ratio of carbon content of solid ash to carbon content of carbonaceous material feed is less than about 0.01.
22. The process of claim 17 wherein carbon content of said solid ash is less than about 10 weight %.
23. The process of claim 17 wherein carbon content of said solid ash is less than about 5 weight %.
24. The process of claim 17 wherein mass of total oxygen per unit mass of total carbon in carbonaceous material feed entering gasification zone is less than mass of total oxygen per unit mass of total carbon in unconverted portion of carbonaceous material feed entering burn-up zone.
25. The process of claim 17 wherein the gasification zone includes one or more gasification hearths.
26. The process of claim 17 wherein the burn-up zone includes one or more burn-up hearths.
27. The process of claim 25 wherein one or more of said gasification hearths accomplish preheating of said carbonaceous material by heat exchange with one or more of said first gaseous product and second gaseous product.
28. The process of claim 17 wherein said carbonaceous material is selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste (MSW or msw), carbonaceous urban waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical co-products, carbonaceous alcohol production co-products, carbonaceous coal, tires, plastics, waste plastic, coke oven tar, fibersoft, lignin, black liquor, polymers, waste polymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PETA), polystyrene (PS), sewage sludge, animal waste, crop residues, energy crops, forest processing residues, wood processing residues, livestock wastes, poultry wastes, food processing residues, fermentative process wastes, ethanol co-products, spent grain, spent microorganisms, and mixtures thereof.
29. The process of claim 17 wherein ratio of total amount of molecular oxygen contained in the first molecular oxygen containing gas and the second molecular oxygen containing gas to the total amount of molecular oxygen required to completely oxidize all carbon contained in carbonaceous material feed to carbon dioxide is in a range of 0.1 to 0.9.
30. The process of claim 17 wherein molecular oxygen is introduced into the gasification zone and burn-up zone at a rate of about 0 to about 75 lb-mole per tone of carbonaceous material on a dry basis.
31. The process of claim 17 wherein a temperature of the gasification zone and burn-up zone is not greater than 800° C.
32. The process of claim 17 wherein a temperature of the tar destruction zone is greater than about 900° C.