Nano structural anodes for radiation detectors
Anodes for proportional radiation counters and a process of making the anodes is provided. The nano-sized anodes when present within an anode array provide: significantly higher detection efficiencies due to the inherently higher electric field, are amenable to miniaturization, have low power requirements, and exhibit a small electromagnetic field signal. The nano-sized anodes with the incorporation of neutron absorbing elements (e.g., 10 B) allow the use of neutron detectors that do not use 3 He.
1. A proportional counter for a radiation detector comprising:
an enclosure filled with a gas having located therein a proportional counter and an absorption zone in which a gas is ionized by radiation;
wherein, the proportional counter has at least one nanostructured anode comprising nanostructures selected from the group consisting of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nano-sized silicon and combinations thereof, with a spacing between nanostructures of at least 2.5 times the length of the nanostructures and at least one cathode, with the at least one anode and at least one cathode being separated by an insulating material layer.
2. The detector according to claim 1 wherein the proportional counter incorporates a plurality of anodes arranged in a same first plane on a substrate and a plurality of cathodes arranged on a substrate in a plane parallel to the first plane.
3. A process of forming a nanostructured anode for a proportional radiation counter comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate;
providing metal catalyst locations on a surface of said substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition sized for depositing metal catalysts having diameters between 100 to 200 nanometers; and,
forming carbon fibers on the surface of the substrate by forming an individual carbon fiber at each of the metal catalyst locations on the surface of the substrate, the carbon fibers providing an anode within a proportional radiation counter.
4. An anode for a proportional radiation counter comprising:
an array of vertically aligned nanostructures selected from the group consisting of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nano-sized silicon and combinations thereof, positioned on a substrate, each said nanostructure having a diameter between 100 to 200 nanometers and a spacing between nanostructures of between 1 to 10 microns.
5. An anode for a proportional radiation counter comprising:
a plurality of vertically aligned nanostructures selected from the group consisting of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nano-sized silicon and combinations thereof, that form an array of tubular structures having a spacing of between about 3 to about 10 microns, said spacing being at least about 2.5 times a length of the individual nanostructures.
6. An anode array for a proportional radiation counter comprising:
a plurality of nanostructures selected from the group consisting of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nano-sized silicon and combinations thereof, extending a substantial uniform height from a surface of a substrate and positioned opposite of a cathode, each said individual nanostructure being spaced from an adjacent nanostructure at a distance of at least about 2.5 times the length of the nanostructure.
7. A process for forming a nanostructured anode for a proportional radiation counter comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate;
providing a metal mask on said substrate using photolithographic techniques;
etching away exposed silicon surfaces using a reactive gas, thereby leaving behind a silicon (Si) nanostructure where the metal mask was deposited; and removing the metal mask from the Si nanostructure to form a Si nanostructured anode within a proportional radiation counter.
8. The process according to claim 3 wherein the providing metal catalyst locations on a surface of said substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition comprises controlling the spacing between the individual carbon fibers to maintain an electric field strength associated with the carbon fibers.