Methods and compositions for regulating production of proanthocyanidins
The invention provides methods and compositions for the modulation of proanthocynidin (“PA;” condensed tannin) production in plants. The methods of the invention allow creation of plants having novel phenotypes, such as alterations in levels of PA or in the types of tissues in which PAs are produced. Altered expression of PA in plants may be achieved, for instance without significantly affecting anthocyanin content or overall secondary metabolite profiles. Alternatively, expression of PA in plants may be achieved while also affecting anthocyanin content.
1. A DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1;
(b) a sequence comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;
(c) a sequence that hybridizes to SEQ ID NO:2 under conditions of 1×SSC, and 65° C., wherein the sequence encodes a polypeptide that regulates flavonoid synthesis;
(d) a sequence encoding a polypeptide with at least 85% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the polypeptide regulates flavonoid synthesis;
(e) a sequence with at least 85% identity to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the sequence encodes a polypeptide that regulates flavonoid synthesis; and
(f) a complement of a sequence of any of (a)-(e),
wherein the DNA sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.
2. The DNA molecule of claim 1 , wherein the sequence has at least 90 percent sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
3. The DNA molecule of claim 1 , wherein the sequence has at least 95 percent sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
4. A recombinant vector comprising the DNA molecule of claim 1 .
5. The recombinant vector of claim 4 , further comprising at least one additional sequence chosen from the group consisting of: a selectable marker, a leader sequence, a sequence encoding a polypeptide that allows for anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and a terminator.
6. The recombinant vector of claim 5 , wherein the polypeptide that allows for anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin biosynthesis is selected from the group consisting of: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), and a proanthocyanidin or anthocyanidin glucosyltransferase (GT).
7. The recombinant vector of claim 4 , wherein the promoter is a plant developmentally-regulated, organelle-specific, inducible, tissue-specific, constitutive, or cell-specific promoter.
8. A transgenic plant cell or plant part comprising the DNA molecule of claim 1 .
9. A transgenic plant comprising the DNA molecule of claim 1 .
10. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , wherein the plant is a Medicago plant.
11. The transgenic plant of claim 10 , wherein the plant expresses the selected DNA and exhibits altered proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in selected tissues relative to those tissues in a second plant that differs from the transgenic plant only in that the selected DNA is absent.
12. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as transformed with a selected DNA comprising a sequence encoding a proanthocyanidin regulatory polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, and a sequence with at least 90% sequence similarity to SEQ ID NO:1, having anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin biosynthesis regulatory activity.
13. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as transformed with a selected DNA sequence complementary to at least 19 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:2.
14. The transgenic plant of claim 13 , further defined as transformed with a DNA sequence comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2.
15. The transgenic plant of claim 13 , wherein the selected DNA sequence comprises the complement of SEQ ID NO:2, or a fragment thereof.
16. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as transformed with a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1.
17. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as a forage crop.
18. The transgenic plant of claim 17 , wherein the plant is a forage legume.
19. The transgenic plant of claim 18 , wherein the forage legume is alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ).
20. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as a fertile R0 transgenic plant.
21. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , further defined as a progeny plant of any generation of a fertile R0 transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant comprises the selected DNA.
22. The transgenic plant of claim 9 , wherein the plant is further defined as comprising a transgenic sequence that down-regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis.
23. A seed of the transgenic plant of claim 9 , comprising the DNA molecule of claim 1 .
24. A method of producing a plant with increased proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, comprising expressing in the plant the DNA molecule of claim 1 .
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the plant further comprises a recombinant vector of claim 4 .
26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the DNA molecule is introduced into the plant by plant breeding.
27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the DNA molecule is introduced into the plant by genetic transformation of the plant.
28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the promoter is a constitutive or tissue specific promoter.
29. The method of claim 24 , wherein the plant is a forage crop plant.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the plant is a forage legume.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the plant is alfalfa.
32. A method of making food or feed for human or animal consumption comprising:
(a) obtaining the plant of claim 9 ;
(b) growing the plant under plant growth conditions to produce plant tissue from the plant; and
(c) preparing food or feed for human or animal consumption from the plant tissue.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein preparing food comprises harvesting the plant tissue.
34. The method of claim 32 , wherein the food is hay, silage, starch, protein, meal, flour or grain.