Coated nanoparticles and quantum dots for solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cells
CIGS absorber layers fabricated using coated semiconducting nanoparticles and/or quantum dots are disclosed. Core nanoparticles and/or quantum dots containing one or more elements from group 13 and/or IIIA and/or VIA may be coated with one or more layers containing elements group IB, IIIA or VIA. Using nanoparticles with a defined surface area, a layer thickness could be tuned to give the proper stoichiometric ratio, and/or crystal phase, and/or size, and/or shape. The coated nanoparticles could then be placed in a dispersant for use as an ink, paste, or paint. By appropriate coating of the core nanoparticles, the resulting coated nanoparticles can have the desired elements intermixed within the size scale of the nanoparticle, while the phase can be controlled by tuning the stoichiometry, and the stoichiometry of the coated nanoparticle may be tuned by controlling the thickness of the coating(s).
1. A composition of matter comprising:
a powder or solution containing coated nanoparticles made of core nanoparticles, coated with one or more layers containing one or more elements of group IB, IIIA or VIA, wherein each core nanoparticle contains an element of group IB, IIIA or VIA, wherein at least one of the one or more layers contains an element that is different from one or more of the group IB, IIIA or VIA elements on the core nanoparticle.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the core nanoparticles include copper and/or indium and/or gallium and/or aluminum.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein the one or more layers include a layer of indium.
4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the one or more layer includes a layer of gallium.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the core nanoparticles include copper and gallium.
6. The composition of claim 5 wherein the one or more layers include a layer of indium.
7. The composition of claim 5 wherein the core nanoparticles include copper core nanoparticles coated with indium and copper core nanoparticles coated with gallium.
8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the coated nanoparticles are mixed with other components to form an ink, paint or paste.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the other components include one or more dispersants, binders and/or resins, emulsifiers, anti-foaming agents, defoaming agents, dryers, solvents, fillers, extenders, thickening agents, film conditioners, anti-oxidants, flow and leveling agents, plasticizers and/or preservatives.
10. An optoelectronic device, comprising:
an electrode and a transparent electrode;
an absorber layer disposed between the electrode and the transparent electrode, wherein the absorber layer contains elements of groups IB, IIIA and VIB; and
a window layer disposed between the absorber layer and the transparent electrode, wherein the absorber layer is formed from the composition of claim 1 .
11. The device of claim 10 wherein the absorber layer includes copper, indium, and selenium or sulfur.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein the absorber layer further includes gallium.
13. The device of claim 10 wherein the transparent electrode includes a transparent conductive polymeric layer.
14. The device of claim 13 wherein the transparent conductive polymeric layer includes poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS).
15. The device of claim 10 wherein the transparent electrode includes a layer of zinc oxide.