NOVEL FUSION PARTNERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF CRYSTALLIZING G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS
GPCR-fusion partner proteins comprising G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of GPCRs and fusion partners such as rubredoxin, cytochrome b562 RIL (Bril, bRIL, BRIL), T4 lysozyme C-terminal fragment (Cterm-T4L), flavodoxin, or xylanase either substituted for some or all of the third intracellular loop of the GPCR between the fifth and sixth helix of the GPCR are described or attached to an terminus or C terminus of the GPCR. GPCR-fusion partner proteins in crystalline form, optionally of a quality suitable for x-ray crystallographic structure determination of the GPCR, are described. Methods of using fusion partners in GPCR-fusion partner proteins to support crystallization of GPCR-fusion partner proteins for x-ray crystallographic structure determination of the GPCR, are described. Methods of identifying other suitable fusion partners through screening of protein data banks are also described.
1 . A composition comprising a GPCR-fusion partner protein which comprises, either
(a) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a portion of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) wherein the first domain comprises the first through fifth transmembrane domains of the GPCR, (ii) a second domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, xylanase, or a C-terminal fragment of T4 lysozyme, and (iii) a third domain comprising a portion of the GPCR wherein the third domain comprises the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the GPCR; or
(b) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and (ii) a second domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, xylanase, or a C-terminal fragment of T4 lysozyme; or
(c) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, xylanase, or a C-terminal fragment of T4 lysozyme, and (ii) a second domain comprising a GPCR.
2 . A composition comprising a GPCR-fusion partner protein which comprises, either
(a) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a portion of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) wherein the first domain comprises the first through fifth transmembrane domains of the GPCR, (ii) a second domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of 2rhf, 2ehs, 2ip6, 3i7m, 1x3o, 1u84, 1h75, 2huj, 1ysq, 3ls0, 2qr3, 1zuh, 2b8i, 2cgq, 3fxh, 3nph, 2o4d, 1tmy, 1vku, and 2es9, and (iii) a third domain comprising a portion of the GPCR wherein the third domain comprises the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the GPCR; or
(b) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and (ii) a second domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of 2rhf, 2ehs, 2ip6, 3i7m, 1x3o, 1u84, 1h75, 2huj, 1ysq, 3ls0, 2qr3, 1zuh, 2b8i, 2cgq, 3fxh, 3nph, 2o4d, 1tmy, 1vku, and 2es9; or
(c) from N-terminus to C terminus: (i) a first domain comprising a fusion partner amino acid sequence wherein said sequence is at least 90% homologous to a protein selected from the list consisting of 2rhf, 2ehs, 2ip6, 3i7m, 1x3o, 1u84, 1h75, 2huj, 1ysq, 3ls0, 2qr3, 1zuh, 2b8i, 2cgq, 3fxh, 3nph, 2o4d, 1tmy, 1vku, and 2es9, and (ii) a second domain comprising a GPCR.
3 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR-fusion partner protein is in crystalline form.
4 . The composition of claim 3 wherein the GPCR-fusion partner protein is of sufficient quality to support x-ray crystallographic structure determination for the GPCR at a resolution of at least 3 angstroms.
5 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the fusion partner substantially comprises the domain corresponding to the third intracellular domain of the GPCR between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains of the GPCR.
6 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the fusion partner amino acid sequence has at least 95% homology with rubredoxin.
7 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the fusion partner amino acid sequence has at least 95% homology with cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril).
8 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the fusion partner amino acid sequence has at least 95% homology with flavodoxin.
9 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the fusion partner amino acid sequence has at least 95% homology with xylanase.
10 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is a naturally occurring GPCR.
11 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is a variant of a naturally occurring GPCR.
12 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is a class A GPCR.
13 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is an S1P1 receptor.
14 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR).
15 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the fusion partner is selected from rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, or xylanase.
16 . The composition of claim 14 , wherein the GPCR-fusion partner protein is β2AR-Bril.
17 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is an adenosine A2a receptor
18 . The composition of claim 17 , wherein the fusion partner is selected from rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, or xylanase.
19 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is an NOP1 receptor
20 . The composition of claim 19 , wherein the fusion partner is selected from rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, or xylanase.
21 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the GPCR is a CCR5 receptor.
22 . The composition of claim 21 , wherein the fusion partner is selected from rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, or xylanase.
23 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises tri-methyl amine N-oxide as a crystallant additive.
24 . A method of using a fusion partner to support crystallization of a protein suitable for crystallographic structural studies of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) comprising:
(a) either (i) incorporating a fusion partner into an intracellular domain of the GPCR to form a GPCR-fusion partner protein, wherein the fusion partner comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% homologous with the amino acid sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, and xylanase; or (ii) attaching a fusion partner to an N-terminus or C-terminus of the GPCR to form a GPCR-fusion partner protein, wherein the fusion partner comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 90% homologous with the amino acid sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of rubredoxin, cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril), flavodoxin, and xylanase;
(b) expressing and purifying the GPCR-fusion partner protein; and
(c) crystallizing the purified GPCR-fusion partner protein.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the GPCR is a class A GPCR.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the GPCR is selected from a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), an A2A-adenosine receptor, an S1P1 receptor, an OLR1 receptor, or a CCR5 receptor.
27 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner comprises the amino acid sequence of rubredoxin.
28 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner comprises the amino acid sequence of cytochrome b 562 RIL (Bril).
29 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner comprises the amino acid sequence of T4 lysozyme C-terminal fragment (Cterm-T4L).
30 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner comprises the amino acid sequence of flavodoxin.
31 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner comprises the amino acid sequence of xylanase.
32 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the fusion partner is incorporated in the intracellular domain between TM5 and TM 6 regions of the GPCR.
33 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the method further comprises the step of crystallizing the purified GPCR-fusion partner protein is performed in the presence of a crystallant additive.
34 . The method of claim 38 wherein the crystallant additive is tri-methyl amine N-oxide.
35 . A method of selecting a candidate fusion partner for use in a fusion protein of a GPCR protein and such fusion partner where such resulting fusion protein supports formation of diffraction quality crystals comprising the steps of (a) providing one or more databases having information relating to proteins, (b) searching such one or more databases for proteins meeting the following criteria: (i) having N and C termini separated by no more than 15 Å; (ii) having a molecular weight of less than 25 kD; (iii) having been demonstrated to be crystallized with a diffraction resolution of at least 3 Å; (iv) having the capacity to form crystals in more than one set of chemical conditions; and (v) having the capacity to form crystals having more than one space group; and (c) selecting as a candidate fusion partner one or more proteins satisfying criteria (i)-(v).
36 . The method of claim 35 wherein in step (b) the one or more databases are searched for proteins which also meet the following criteria: (vi) having at least 50% alpha-helical content; and (vii) having alpha-helical domains at the N-terminus, or the C-terminus or both; and in step (c) candidate fusion partners are selected which satisfy criteria (i)-(vii).