A solar receiver includes a cavity that is operable to receive concentrated solar energy and a heat exchanger in thermal-receiving communication with the cavity. The heat exchanger includes a plurality of thermal capacitors. Each of the plurality of thermal capacitors has a regular geometry. The plurality of thermal capacitors defines open flow passages there between and at least two of the plurality of thermal capacitors have a different size. The plurality of thermal capacitors has a packing factor of greater than 74% with regard to the volume of the heat exchanger.
1. A solar receiver comprising:
a cavity operable to receive concentrated solar energy; and
a heat exchanger in thermal-receiving communication with the cavity,
the heat exchanger including a plurality of thermal capacitors,
wherein each of the plurality of thermal capacitors has a regular geometry,
wherein the plurality of thermal capacitors define open flow passages there between,
wherein each of the plurality of thermal capacitors are free of contact with each other,
wherein the open flow passages are linear parallel passages,
wherein at least two of the plurality of thermal capacitors have a different size, and
wherein the plurality of thermal capacitors has a packing factor of greater than 74% with regard to the volume of the heat exchanger.
2. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of thermal capacitors includes cylindrical elements.
3. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 . wherein plurality of thermal capacitors includes substantially spherical elements.
4. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of thermal capacitors includes first geometric thermal capacitor elements having a first size and second geometric thermal capacitor elements having a second, smaller size.
5. The solar receiver as recited in claim 4 , wherein the first geometric thermal capacitor elements are free of contact with each other and each of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements is in contact with at least one other one of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements.
6. The solar receiver as recited in claim 4 , wherein each of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements is in contact with at least two others of the first geometric thermal capacitor elements in a continuous network.
7. The solar receiver as recited in claim 4 , wherein the second geometric thermal capacitor elements are arranged in a plurality of linear rows.
8. The solar receiver as recited in claim 7 , wherein the plurality of linear rows arc parallel.
9. The solar receiver as recited in claim 4 , wherein the first geometric thermal capacitor elements are arranged such that at least one of the first geometric thermal capacitor elements has six nearest neighboring ones of the first geometric thermal capacitor elements.
10. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger extends circumferentially around the cavity.
11. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger has an annular shape.
12. The solar receiver as recited in claim 1 , wherein plurality of thermal capacitors include a refractory material selected from the group consisting of ceramic material, graphite material and combinations thereof.
13. A solar receiver comprising:
a cavity operable to receive concentrated solar energy; and
a heat exchanger in thermal-receiving communication with the cavity,
the heat exchanger including first geometric thermal capacitor elements and second geometric thermal capacitor elements defining flow passages there between,
wherein each of the plurality of first geometric thermal capacitors are free of contact with each other,
wherein the flow passages are linear parallel passages,
the first geometric thermal capacitor elements having a first size and the second geometric thermal capacitor elements having a second, different size.
14. The solar receiver as recited in claim 13 , wherein the first geometric thermal capacitor elements and second geometric thermal capacitor elements include at least one of cylindrical elements and substantially spherical elements.
15. The solar receiver as recited in claim 13 , wherein the first geometric thermal capacitor elements are free of contact with each other and each of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements is in contact with multiple other ones of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements.
16. The solar receiver as recited in claim 13 , wherein each of the second geometric thermal capacitor elements is in contact with at least two of the first geometric thermal capacitor elements.
17. The solar receiver as recited in claim 13 , wherein the heat exchanger has an annular shape.
18. A solar thermal propulsion device comprising:
a solar receiver including a cavity operable to receive concentrated solar energy and a heat exchanger in thermal-receiving communication with the cavity,
the heat exchanger including a plurality of thermal capacitors,
wherein each of the plurality of thermal capacitors has a regular geometry,
the plurality of thermal capacitors defining open flow passages there between,
wherein each of the quality of thermal capacitors are free of contact with each other,
wherein the open flow passages are linear parallel passages,
at least two of the plurality of thermal capacitors having a different size, and
the plurality of thermal capacitors has a packing factor of greater than 74% with regard to the volume of the heat exchanger; and
a thrust nozzle in flow-receiving communication with the flow passages.
19. The device as recited in claim 18 , wherein heat exchanger has an annular shape.
20. The device as recited in claim 18 , wherein the plurality of thermal capacitors includes at least one of cylindrical elements and substantially spherical elements.