Turf testing apparatus and methods

1. A turf testing apparatus comprising:

a shoe;

a first mechanically powered actuator coupled to the shoe, the first actuator configured to move the shoe along a horizontal axis;

a second mechanically powered actuator coupled to the shoe for moving the shoe in both an upward and downward direction along a vertical axis relative to a surface; and

a pivot configured to adjust the rotational orientation of the shoe relative to the surface;

wherein the first actuator and second actuator cooperate to raise, lower, and horizontally move the shoe relative to the surface.

2. The turf testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first actuator is configured to move the shoe along the substantially horizontal axis without the shoe contacting the surface.

3. The turf testing apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the second actuator is configured to move the shoe along the substantially vertical axis such that the shoe contacts the surface.

4. The turf testing apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the first actuator is configured to continue to move the shoe along the substantially horizontal axis after the second actuator has moved the shoe into contact with the surface.

5. The turf testing apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the pivot allows the shoe to pivot relative to the surface while the first actuator continues to move the shoe along the substantially horizontal axis while the shoe is in contact with the surface.

6. The turf testing apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the second actuator is configured to move the shoe along the substantially vertical axis to move the shoe away from the surface.

7. The turf testing apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

a first force sensor and a second force sensor coupled to the shoe;

wherein the first force sensor is configured to measure forces along the substantially horizontal axis during at least portions of the movement of the shoe; and

wherein the second force sensor is configured to measure forces along the substantially vertical axis during at least portions of the movement of the shoe.

8. The turf testing apparatus of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the force sensors is an inline compression load cell.

9. The turf testing apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a stop configured to prevent the shoe from pivoting past the stop.

10. The turf testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the shoe is mounted to a carriage configured to be driven along the substantially horizontal axis.

11. The turf testing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the shoe is mounted to the carriage via the pivot.

12. A method of testing turf comprising:

actuating a mechanically powered first actuator to move a shoe in a substantially horizontal axis;

actuating a mechanically powered second actuator to move the shoe in a substantially vertical axis to bring the shoe in contact with a turf surface as the shoe moves along the substantially horizontal axis;

pivoting the shoe relative to the turf surface as the shoe moves along the substantially horizontal axis via a pivot;

moving the shoe along the substantially vertical axis to move the shoe away from the turf surface via the second actuator; and

measuring vertical and horizontal forces generated during at least a portion of the shoe's movement.

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising evaluating the measurements generated, adjusting a property of the turf surface based on the measurement, and manufacturing the turf surface to incorporate the adjusted property.

14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising using a first force sensor to measure the horizontal force.

15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising using a second force sensor to measure the vertical force.

16. The method of claim 12 , further comprising analyzing the vertical and horizontal forces to reach conclusions about the turf surface.

17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising using a monitoring and control system to adjust one or more of: (1) a speed of the second actuator; (2) an acceleration rate of the second actuator; and (3) a deceleration rate of the second actuator.

18. A surface testing apparatus comprising:

a mount configured to mount a foot;

a first mechanically powered actuator configured to move the mount along a first axis relative to a surface for testing;

a second mechanically powered actuator configured to move the mount along a second axis relative to the surface for testing, the second axis being transverse to the first axis;

a pivot configured to allow the mount to pivot relative to a third axis, the third axis being transverse to the first axis;

a first force sensor configured to sense forces along the first axis; and

a second force sensor configured to sense forces along the second axis.

19. The surface testing apparatus of claim 18 , further comprising a frame configured to sit on the surface for testing in a substantially stationary condition during movement of the mount along the first and second axes.

20. The surface testing apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the surface testing apparatus is configured to, at an initial position, orient the foot such that a lower surface of the foot is angled relative to the surface for testing, and, at an intermediate position, allow the foot to have pivoted such that the lower surface of the foot is substantially parallel to the surface for testing.

21. The surface testing apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the surface testing apparatus is configured such that in use, the first axis is substantially horizontal to the surface for testing and the second axis is substantially vertical relative to the surface for testing.

22. The surface testing apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pivot is configured to, in use, allow the foot to pivot relative to the surface for testing while at least a portion of the foot is pressed against the surface for testing and while the first actuator is exerting a force on the foot along the first axis.