Carbon-lead blends for use in hybrid energy storage devices
The present application is directed to blends comprising a plurality of carbon particles and a plurality of lead particles. The blends find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lead acid batteries. Methods for making and using the blends are also disclosed.
1. A blend comprising a plurality of amorphous carbon particles and a plurality of lead particles, wherein:
the amorphous carbon particles have a specific surface area of at least 500 m 2 /g, a pH greater than 8, and a total pore volume of at least 0.5 cc/g; and
the blend comprises a total impurity content of less than 500 ppm of all elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, excluding lead, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
2. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise lead within a pore structure or on a surface of the amorphous carbon particles.
3. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise a total of less than 500 PPM of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, excluding lead, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
4. The blend of claim 3 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise a total of less than 100 PPM of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, excluding lead, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
5. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the blend comprises a total of less than 100 PPM of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, excluding lead, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
6. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the blend comprises a total of less than 10 PPM of elements having atomic numbers ranging from 11 to 92, excluding lead, as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
7. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the lead particles are in the form of lead (II) oxide, lead (IV) oxide, lead acetate, lead carbonate, lead sulfate, lead orthoarsenate, lead pyroarsenate, lead bromide, lead caprate, lead carproate, lead caprylate, lead chlorate, lead chloride, lead fluoride, lead nitrate, lead oxychloride, lead orthophosphate sulfate, lead chromate, lead chromate, basic, lead ferrite, lead sulfide, lead tungstate or combinations thereof.
8. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the mass percent of carbon as a percentage of the total mass of carbon and lead ranges from 0.1 to 3.0%.
9. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the mass percent of carbon as a percentage of the total mass of carbon and lead ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%.
10. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the volume percent of carbon as a percentage of the total volume of carbon and lead ranges from 1% to 20%.
11. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the surface area of the amorphous carbon particles as a percentage of the total surface area of carbon and lead in the blend ranges from 80% to 99% as determined by nitrogen surface analysis.
12. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the surface area residing in carbon pores less than 20 angstroms as a percentage of the total surface area residing in carbon and lead pores less than 20 angstroms ranges from 20% to 60% as determined by nitrogen surface analysis.
13. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the volume average particle size of the amorphous carbon particles relative to the volume average particle size of the lead particles ranges from 0.1:1 to 2:1.
14. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the capacitance of the amorphous carbon particles measured at a rate of 1 mA is greater than 250 F/g.
15. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the ash content of the blend, excluding the ash associated with lead, is less than 0.01% as calculated from proton induced x-ray emission data.
16. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise less than 10 ppm iron as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
17. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise less than 5 ppm nickel as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
18. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise less than 5 ppm of each of manganese, nickel, mercury and platinum as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
19. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprise an undetectable amount of manganese, nickel, mercury and platinum as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
20. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles comprises less than 5 ppm chromium, less than 10 ppm iron, less than 5 ppm nickel, less than 20 ppm silicon, less than 5 ppm zinc, and bismuth, silver, copper, mercury, manganese, platinum, antimony and tin are not detected as measured by proton induced x-ray emission.
21. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a BET specific surface area of at least 700 m 2 /g.
22. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a BET specific surface area of at least 1500 m 2 /g.
23. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a total pore volume of at least 1.0 cc/g.
24. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a total pore volume of at least 0.7 cc/g.
25. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a DFT pore volume of at least 0.25 cc/g for pores less than 20 angstroms.
26. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a DFT pore volume of at least 0.75 cc/g for pores greater than 20 angstroms.
27. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a pore volume ranging from 0.4 cc/g to 1.4 cc/g and an R factor of 0.2 or less at relative humidity ranging from about 10% to 100%.
28. The blend of claim 27 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have an R factor of 0.6 or less.
29. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have an R factor greater than 1.6.
30. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have an R factor ranging from 1.2 to 1.6.
31. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have an R factor below 1.2.
32. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a pH ranging from greater than 8 to 9.5.
33. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a pH ranging from 9.0 to 9.5.
34. An electrical energy storage device comprising the blend of claim 1 .
35. The device of claim 34 , wherein the device is a battery comprising:
a) at least one positive electrode comprising a first active material in electrical contact with a first current collector;
b) at least one negative electrode comprising a second active material in electrical contact with a second current collector; and
c) an electrolyte comprising water and sulfuric acid;
wherein the positive electrode and the negative electrode are separated by an inert porous separator, and wherein at least one of the first or second active materials comprises a blend according to claim 1 , and the first or second current collector comprises lead.
36. An electrode comprising a binder and the blend of claim 1 .
37. A composition comprising the blend of claim 1 and an electrolyte.
38. A method for preparing the composition of claim 37 , the method comprising admixing the blend and the electrolyte.
39. The device of claim 34 , wherein the electrical energy storage device is for use in a microhybrid, start-stop hybrid, mild-hybrid vehicle, vehicle with electric turbocharging, vehicle with regenerative braking, hybrid vehicle, an electric vehicle, industrial motive power such as forklifts, electric bikes, golf carts, aerospace applications, a power storage and distribution grid, a solar or wind power system, a power backup system or a cellular tower power system.
40. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles have a pH greater than 9.
41. The blend of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous carbon particles are mesoporous.