Methods and compositions for alleviating stuttering

1. A method for alleviating stuttering, in a subject in need thereof, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective dose of a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor modulator, its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, or metabolites thereof, wherein the modulator is selected from the group consisting of alprozolam, camazepam, clorazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, pagoclone, pinazepam, prazepam, quazepam, 2-(7-chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)-3-(5-methyl-2-oxohexyl)isoindolin-1-one, 2-(7-chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)isoindolin-1-yl-4-acetamidobutyrate, 2-(7-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-3-(5-methyl-5-hydroxy-2-oxohexyl)-1-isoindolinone, suriclone, tenazepam, triazolam, zopiclone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, enantiomers thereof, or metabolites thereof, and any mixtures thereof.

2. A method for alleviating stuttering, in a subject in need thereof, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective dose of a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor modulator, its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, or metabolites thereof, wherein the modulator is a cyclopyrrolone having the formula (I):

wherein:

R 1 and R 2 are sterically compatible substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms comprising at least one of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus, aryl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and aryl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and comprising at least one nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus;

R 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkenoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkenoyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkanoylamino, alkenoylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 ring members, cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenylalkyl having 4 to 6 ring members, with the proviso that each of the foregoing substituents has up to 8 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, halogen, aminocarbonyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, aminocarbonylalkyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl, alkaryl, piperazinyl, and methylpiperazinyl;

X 1 and X 2 are sterically compatible substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkenoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkenoyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkanoylamino, alkenoylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 ring members, cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenylalkyl having 4 to 6 ring members, with the additional proviso that each of the foregoing substituents has up to 8 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, halogen, aminocarbonyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, aminocarbonylalkyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and

X 3 is selected from the group consisting of a

methylene;

—C(HR 4 )— where

R 4 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkenoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkenoyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkanoylamino, alkenoylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 ring members, cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenylalkyl having 4 to 6 ring members, with the additional proviso that each of the foregoing substituents has up to 8 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, halogen, aminocarbonyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, aminocarbonylalkyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms;

amino;

—N(R 5 )— where

R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, alkenoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkenoyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, alkanoylamino, alkenoylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 ring members, cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 6 ring members, cycloalkenylalkyl having 4 to 6 ring members, with the additional proviso that each of the foregoing substituents has up to 8 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, halogen, aminocarbonyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, aminocarbonylalkyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms;

sulphur;

phosphorus;

and oxygen group;

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, enantiomers thereof, or metabolites thereof.

3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are covalently bonded to form a polycyclic structure.

4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the cycloalkyl of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 , and X 2 independently have 1 to 3 alkyl substituents.

5. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the cycloalkenyl of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 , and X 2 are the same or different, and each have up to 3 alkyl substituents.

6. The method according to claim 2 , wherein cycloalkylalkyl of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 , and X 2 are the same or different, and each have up to 3 alkyl substituents.

7. The method according to claim 2 , wherein cycloalkenylalkyl of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 , and X 2 are the same or different, and each have up to 3 alkyl substituents.

8. The method according to claim 2 , wherein X 1 and X 2 are covalently bonded to form a polycyclic structure.

9. The method according to claim 1 , additionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said modulator is effective at the receptor subtype A.

11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said modulator is an agonist of the receptor subtype A.

12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said administration is performed parenterally, orally, vaginally, rectally, nasally, buccally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intrathecally, epidurally, transdermally, intracerebroventricularly, or combinations thereof.

13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the dose is about 0.01 to about 1000 mg.

14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the dose is about 0.1 to about 10 mg.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said modulator comprises pagoclone, suriclone, zopiclone, 2-(7 chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)-3-(5-methyl-2-oxohexyl)isoindolin-1-one, 2-(7-chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)isoindolin-1-yl-4-acetamidobutyrate, 2-(7-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-3-(5-methyl-5-hydroxy-2-oxohexyl)-1-isoindolinone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, enantiomers thereof, or metabolites thereof.

16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the modular comprises pagoclone.

17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the pagoclone is administered at least once daily.

18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is suffering from stuttering, motor tic, clonic stuttering, dysfluency, speech blockage, dysarthria, Tourette's syndrome, or logospasm.

19. A method of alleviating stuttering, in a subject in need thereof, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective dose of gamma-amino butyric acid receptor modulator, wherein the modulator is selected from the group consisting of alprozolam, camazepam, clorazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, pagoclone, pinazepam, prazepam, quazepam, 2-(7-chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)-3-(5-methyl-2-oxohexyl)isoindolin-1-one, 2-(7-chloro-2-naphthyridin-1,8-yl)isoindolin-1-yl-4-acetamidobutyrate, 2-(7-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-3-(5-methyl-5-hydroxy-2-oxohexyl)-1-isoindolinone, suriclone, tenazepam, triazolam, zopiclone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, enantiomers thereof, or metabolites thereof, and any mixtures thereof, and a second active ingredient.

20. A method for alleviating stuttering, in a subject in need thereof, comprising: administering a dose of pagoclone in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where the pagoclone is present in an amount between about 0.1 mg and about 10 mg.

21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the modulator is 2-(7-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-3-(5-methyl-5-hydroxy-2-oxohexyl)-1-isoindolinone.