Graphene defect detection

1. A method for detecting a defect in a sample, wherein the sample includes graphene, the method comprising:

receiving a sample, wherein the sample includes at least some graphene and at least some defects in the graphene;

exposing the sample to a gas under sufficient reaction conditions to produce a marked sample, wherein the gas includes molecules and the molecules include at least one atom of Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Tin (Sn), Bromine (Br), Hafnium (Hf), or Iodine (I), and the marked sample includes marks bonded to at least some of the defects in the graphene;

at least partially removing the gas from the marked sample;

placing the marked sample in a detector system; and

detecting the defect by detecting at least some of the marks bonded to defects in the marked sample with the detector system.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising exposing the marked sample to a liquid or a gas under sufficient reaction conditions to at least partially remove the marks from the defects of the marked sample.

3. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising exposing the marked sample to heat under sufficient reaction conditions to at least partially remove the marks from the defects of the marked sample.

4. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising exposing the marked sample to a temperature in a range of about 100 degrees Celsius to about 200 degrees Celsius in a pressure of about 0.5 millitorr to about 10 millitorr to at least partially remove the marks from the defects of the marked sample.

5. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecules include iodine atoms.

6. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecules include at least one of iodine, thionyl iodide, an iodinated organic amine, hydrogen iodide, or diiodoethane.

7. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecules include at least one of Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), or Tin (Sn).

8. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the molecules include at least one of boron triiodide (BI 3 ), aluminum triiodide (A1I 3 ), boron tribromide (BBr 3 ), hydrogen telluride (H 2 Te), hydrogen selenide (H 2 Se), tin chloride (SnC1 2 ), SnBr 2 , SnBr 4 , Tetrakis(EthylMethylAmino)Hafnium, TertButylimido Tris(EthylMethylamino)Tantalum(V) or TertButylimido Tris(EthylMethylamino)Tantalum(V).

9. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the gas includes molecules, wherein the molecules include boron triiodide BI 3 and iodoaniline.

10. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the gas includes molecules, wherein the molecules include at least one of diiodoethane and thionyl iodide, diiodoethane and borontriiodide, or iodine and boron triiodide.

11. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample further comprises detecting at least some of the marks with a total x-ray fluorescence system.

12. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample further comprises detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample with a backscatter system.

13. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample further comprises detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample with the detector system to produce an output indicating a number of atoms bonded to the defects.

14. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample further comprises detecting at least some of the marks associated with the marked sample with the detector system to produce data associated with a map of the defects associated with the marked sample.

15. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein exposing the sample to the gas further comprises heating the sample to a temperature in a range of about 100 degrees Celsius to about 200 degrees Celsius while exposing the sample to the gas.

16. A sample comprising:

at least some graphene;

at least one defect in the graphene; and

at least one mark bonded to at least one of the defects, the mark including molecules wherein the molecules include at least one atom of Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Tin (Sn), Bromine (Br), Hafnium (Hf), or Iodine (I), and the mark effective to facilitate detection of the defect.

17. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include iodine atoms.

18. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include at least one of iodine, thionyl iodide, an iodinated organic amine, hydrogen iodide, or diiodoethane.

19. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include at least one of Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), or Tin (Sn).

20. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include at least one of boron triiodide (BI 3 ), aluminum triiodide (A1I 3 ), boron tribromide (BBr 3 ), hydrogen telluride (H 2 Te), hydrogen selenide (H 2 Se), tin chloride (SnC1 2 ), SnBr2, SnBr4, Tetrakis(EthylMethylAmino)Hafnium, TertButylimido Tris(EthylMethylamino)Tantalum(V), or TertButylimido Tris(EthylMethylamino)Tantalum(V).

21. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include boron triiodide BI 3 and iodoaniline.

22. The sample as recited in claim 16 , wherein the molecules include diiodoethane and thionyl iodide.