PLATINUM-PALLADIUM CATALYST WITH INTERMEDIATE LAYER
A fuel cell catalyst comprises a support having a core arranged on the support. In one example, the core includes palladium nanoparticles. A layer, which is gold in one example, is arranged on the core. A platinum overlayer is arranged on the gold layer. The intermediate gold layer greatly increases the mass activity of the platinum compared to catalysts in which platinum is deposited directly onto the palladium without any intermediate gold layer.
1 . A fuel cell catalyst comprising:
a support;
a catalyst core deposited on the support, the catalyst core including palladium;
a layer arranged on the catalyst core, the layer including a transition metal; and
a platinum overlayer arranged on the layer.
2 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the support is at least one of carbon black, carbides, oxides, boron doped diamond, and combinations thereof.
3 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is gold.
4 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the layer is a submonolayer of gold.
5 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 4 , wherein the gold covers approximately 5-80% of the palladium core.
6 . Fuel cell catalyst according to claim 5 , wherein the gold covers approximately 20-70% of the palladium core.
7 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the platinum overlayer is at least one of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer.
8 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 7 , wherein the platinum overlayer is zerovalent platinum atoms.
9 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst core is palladium alloy nanoparticles alloyed with one or more transition metals.
10 . The fuel cell catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the core palladium is comprised of palladium nanoparticles.
11 . A method of manufacturing a fuel cell catalyst comprising:
providing a support;
depositing a catalyst core containing palladium onto the support;
depositing a layer containing a transition metal onto the catalyst core; and
depositing an overlayer containing platinum atoms onto the layer.
12 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the support includes at least one of carbon black, carbides, oxides, boron doped diamond, and combinations thereof.
13 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the catalyst core depositing step includes depositing nanoparticles of palladium onto the support.
14 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the catalyst core includes palladium nanoparticles.
15 . The method according to claim 14 , wherein the catalyst core is palladium alloy nanoparticles alloyed with one or more transition metals.
16 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the layer of transition metal is arranged between the catalyst core and the platinum overlayer.
17 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the platinum overlayer is at least one of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer of zerovalent platinum atoms.
18 . The method according to claim 17 , wherein the transition metal layer depositing step provides a transition metal submonolayer.
19 . The method according to claim 18 , wherein the transition metal is gold.
20 . The method according to claim 19 , wherein the transition metal depositing step includes depositing a copper monolayer onto the catalyst core.
21 . The method according to claim 20 , wherein the transition metal depositing step includes replacing the copper monolayer with a gold submonolayer.
22 . The method according to claim 19 , wherein the gold covers 5-80% of the catalyst core.
23 . The method according to claim 22 , wherein the gold covers 20-70% of the catalyst core.
24 . The method according to claim 23 , wherein the gold covers approximately two-thirds of the catalyst core.
25 . The method according to claim 11 , wherein the layer depositing step includes exposing the catalyst core containing palladium nanoparticles to a solution containing gold salt, and including depositing gold onto the catalyst core.