Process for producing a polyurethane foam by means of supercritical or near-critical blowing agent

1. A process for producing a polyurethane foam, comprising the following steps:

providing a mixture comprising:

A) a component reactive towards isocyanates;

B) a surfactant component;

C) one or more blowing agent components selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic C 1 - to C 6 -alkanes; linear, branched or cyclic C 1 - to C 6 -fluoroalkanes; N 2 ; O 2 ; argon and CO 2 , wherein the blowing agent component C) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; and

D) a polyisocyanate component;

introducing the mixture comprising components A), B), C), and D) into a closed mould while maintaining the supercritical or near-critical state of blowing agent component C), wherein the closed mould has been set up in such a way that its interior volume and/or the pressure prevailing in its interior can be altered after introducing the mixture by external influence;

providing a predetermined period of residence time of >0 seconds for the mixture comprising components A), B), C), and D) in the closed mould, wherein during the residence time of the mixture comprising components A), B), C) and D), blowing agent component C) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; and

enlarging the interior volume of the closed mould and/or reducing the pressure prevailing in the interior of the closed mould by external influence so that blowing agent component C) is no longer present in the supercritical or near-supercritical state.

2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the prevailing pressure after the mixing of components A), B), C), and D) is from ≧40 bar to ≦150 bar.

3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein component A) comprises a polyester polyol with a hydroxy number from ≧200 mg KOH/g to ≦600 mg KOH/g and a short-chain polyol with a hydroxy number of ≧800 mg KOH/g.

4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the surfactant component B) comprises a polyethylene oxide-polyether having oligodimethylsiloxane end groups, wherein the number of the dimethylsiloxane units is ≦5.

5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the HLB value of the surfactant component is from ≧10 to ≦18.

6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the surfactant component B) is present in a form covalently bonded to a compound reactive towards isocyanates or to a polyisocyanate.

7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the polyisocyanate component D) comprises monomeric and/or polymeric diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate.

8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the relative proportion by weight γ of the surfactant component B) in the mixture comprising components A), B) and C) is from ≧0.05 to ≦0.3, based on the entire composition.

9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the amounts present of components A), B), C), and D) are as follows:

A) from ≧25% by weight to ≦30% by weight

B) from ≧4% by weight to ≦15% by weight

C) from ≧5% by weight to ≦40% by weight

D) from ≧30% by weight to ≦60% by weight.

10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the closed mould into which the mixture comprising components A), B), C) and D) is introduced comprises, in order to accommodate the mixture, an interior volume restricted by a movable seal, and wherein the position of the movable seal can be altered by mechanical pressure and/or by fluid pressure.

11. A polyurethane foam obtained by the process according to claim 1 .

12. The polyurethane foam according to claim 11 , present in the form of foam with an average pore diameter of from ≧10 nm to ≦10 000 nm.

13. The polyurethane foam according to claim 11 with a pore density of from ≧10 7 pores/cm 3 to ≦10 18 pores/cm 3 .

14. The polyurethane foam according to claim 11 with a thermal conductivity of from ≧6 mW/m K to ≦30 mW/m K.