Conversion of high-energy photons into electricity
Systems and methods for the conversion of energy of high-energy photons into electricity which utilize a series of materials with differing atomic charges to take advantage of the emission of a large multiplicity of electrons by a single high-energy photon via a cascade of Auger electron emissions. In one embodiment, a high-energy photon converter preferably includes a linearly layered nanometric-scaled wafer made up of layers of a first material sandwiched between layers of a second material having an atomic charge number differing from the atomic charge number of the first material. In other embodiments, the nanometric-scaled layers are configured in a tubular or shell-like configuration and/or include layers of a third insulator material.
1. A high energy photon energy converter for converting high energy photon emissions into electrical energy comprising
a first layer of material that absorbs high energy photons and emits electrons ejected from an atom in the first layer of material by a high energy photon absorbed in the first layer of material, the first layer having a thickness less than the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first layer of material, and
a second layer of material that collects electrons emitted from the first layer of material and is electrically coupled to the first layer of material, the second layer of material having a thickness greater than the length of the mean free path in the second layer of material of the electrons emitted from the first layer of material,
wherein the first layer of material is configured as a cylindrical core and the second layer of material is configured as a cylindrical shell disposed about the cylindrical core, wherein the radius of the cylindrical core is less than 1/2 the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first material.
2. The converter of claim 1 further comprising a third layer of insulating material configured as a cylindrical shell disposed about the cylindrical shell of the second layer of material.
3. A high energy photon energy converter for converting high energy photon emissions into electrical energy comprising
a first layer of material that absorbs high energy photons and emits electrons ejected from an atom in the first layer of material by a high energy photon absorbed in the first layer of material, the first layer having a thickness less than the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first layer of material, and
a second layer of material that collects electrons emitted from the first layer of material and is electrically coupled to the first layer of material, the second layer of material having a thickness greater than the length of the mean free path in the second layer of material of the electrons emitted from the first layer of material,
wherein the first layer of material is sandwiched between the second layer of material and a third layer of material comprising the same material as the second layer of material.
4. The converter of claim 3 further comprising a fourth layer of material coupled to and sandwiched between adjacent second and third layers of material, the fourth layer of material comprising an insulator material.
5. The converter of claim 3 wherein the first and second layers are stacked face-to-face.
6. The converter of claim 3 wherein the first layer of material comprises a high atomic charge number component.
7. The converter of claim 3 wherein the atomic charge number of the second layer of material differs from the atomic charge number of the first layer of material.
8. The converter of claim 7 wherein the atomic charge number of the second layer of material is lower than the atomic charge number of the first layer of material.
9. The converter of claim 3 wherein the high energy photons absorbable by the first layer of material have energies in the range of about 100 eV or greater.
10. The converter of claim 3 wherein the high energy photons absorbable by the first layer of material include X, XUV or gamma rays.
11. The converter of claim 3 wherein the first and second layers of material are coupled to a circuit having a load.
12. The converter of claim 11 wherein the load is electrically drivable component, an electricity storage system or an electricity grid.
13. The converter of claim 3 wherein the first and second layers of material are couplable to a surface that intercepts a photon flux emitted from a photon flux source at an angle substantially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the photon flux and wherein each layer of the first and second layers is oriented at a grazing angle to the direction of propagation of the photon flux.
14. An energy converter for converting high energy photon emissions into electrical energy comprising
a first plurality of layers of a first material that absorbs high energy photons and emits electrons ejected from an atom in the first material by a high energy photon absorbed in the first material, individual layers of the first plurality of layers having a thickness less than the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first material, and
a second plurality of layers of a second material that collects electrons emitted from the first plurality of layers of the first material and electrically coupled to the first plurality of layers of the first material, individual layers of the second plurality of layers of the second material having a thickness greater than the length of the mean free path in the second material of the electrons emitted from the first plurality of layers of the first material, wherein one or more layers of the second plurality of layers of the second material interposing adjacent layers of the first plurality of layers of the first material,
wherein each layer of the first plurality of layers of the first material is configured as a cylindrical core and each layer of the second plurality of layers of the second material is configured as a cylindrical shell concentrically disposed about the cylindrical core of the first material, wherein the radius of the cylindrical core is less than 1/2 the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first material.
15. The converter of claim 14 further comprising a third plurality of layers of a third insulating material configured as a cylindrical shell concentrically disposed about the cylindrical shell of the second material.
16. The converter of claim 14 wherein the first and second plurality of layers of material are couplable to a surface that intercepts a photon flux emitted from a photon flux source at an angle substantially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the photon flux and wherein each layer of the first and second plurality of layers is oriented at a grazing angle to the direction of propagation of the photon flux.
17. The converter of claim 16 further comprising a third plurality of layers of a third insulating material configured as a cylindrical shell concentrically disposed about the cylindrical shell of the second material.
18. An energy converter for converting high energy photon emissions into electrical energy comprising
a first plurality of layers of a first material that absorbs high energy photons and emits electrons ejected from an atom in the first material by a high energy photon absorbed in the first material, individual layers of the first plurality of lavers having a thickness less than the length of the mean free path of the ejected electrons in the first material, and
a second plurality of layers of a second material that collects electrons emitted from the first plurality of layers of the first material and electrically coupled to the first plurality of layers of the first material, individual layers of the second plurality of lavers of the second material having a thickness greater than the length of the mean free path in the second material of the electrons emitted from the first plurality of layers of the first material, wherein one or more layers of the second plurality of layers of the second material interposing adjacent layers of the first plurality of lavers of the first material,
wherein individual layers of the first plurality of layers of the first material are sandwiched between two layers of the second plurality of layers of the second material.
19. The converter of claim 18 further comprising a third plurality of layers of a third material, each layer of the third plurality of layers interposing adjacent layers of the one or more layers of the second plurality of layers of the second material.
20. The converter of claim 18 wherein the first and second plurality of layers are stacked face-to-face.
21. The converter of claim 18 wherein the first material comprises a high atomic charge number component.
22. The converter of claim 18 wherein the atomic charge number of the second material differs from the atomic charge number of the first material.
23. The converter of claim 22 wherein the atomic charge number of the second material is lower than the atomic charge number of the first material.
24. The converter of claim 18 wherein the high energy photons absorbable by the first material have energies in the range of about 100 eV or greater.
25. The converter of claim 18 wherein the high energy photons absorbable by the first layer of material include X, XUV or gamma rays.
26. The converter of claim 18 wherein the first and second plurality of layers are coupled to a circuit having a load.
27. The converter of claim 26 wherein the load is electrically drivable component, an electricity storage system or an electricity grid.
28. The converter of claim 18 wherein the first and second plurality of layers of material are couplable to a surface that intercepts a photon flux emitted from a photon flux source at an angle substantially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the photon flux and wherein each layer of the first and second plurality of layers is oriented at a grazing angle to the direction of propagation of the photon flux.
29. The converter of claim 18 wherein an aggregate thickness of the first plurality of layers of the first material measured along the direction of propagation of the photon flux is greater than the length of a mean free path for a photon of the photon flux in the first material.