Uniform Fluorescent Microsphere with Hydrophobic Surfaces
Fluorescent microspheres for the measurement of blood flow are provided. The microspheres are substantially uniform in diameter and have a hydrophobic surface, which allows them to circulate more freely throughout bloodstream, while reducing immunogenicity, particle aggregation and bioaccumulation. The hydrophobic surface on each microsphere is generally comprised of polymeric material having a limited surface charge.
1 . A method for measuring blood flow in a subject wherein the method comprises:
administering to the subject a plurality of microspheres, wherein the microspheres are impregnated with a dye having an excitation and emission spectrum compatible with in vivo or intravital imaging and further, wherein the microspheres have a hydrophobic outer surface;
illuminating microspheres within the subject with an appropriate wavelength to form illuminated microspheres; and
observing the illuminated microspheres;
wherein, the blood flow is measured by detecting the movement of the microspheres in the subject.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein velocity of the blood flow is determined.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microspheres are comprised of a first population having a substantially uniform first diameter.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of microspheres are comprised of a first population having a substantially uniform first diameter and a second population having a substantially uniform second diameter.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the first population is impregnated with a different dye than the second population.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the first diameter is different than the second diameter.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the first diameter is 0.1 μm to 0.75 μm and the second diameter is 0.76 μm to 2 μm.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres have a diameter of about 0.1 μm to 4 μm.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres have a diameter of about 0.2 μm to 2 μm.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres have a surface charge of less than 50 μEq/gram.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres have a surface charge of less than 10 μEq/gram.
12 . The method of claim 3 , wherein said first population has a diameter variation of 5% or less.
13 . The method of claim 3 , wherein said first population has a diameter variation of 2% or less.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said hydrophobic outer surface is comprised of an organic polymer.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said hydrophobic outer surface is comprised of polymerized styrene moieties.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the organic polymer is substituted with sulfate groups.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said hydrophobic outer surface is a block co-polymer.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein said block co-polymer is comprised of polyoxyethylene (PEO) and polyoxypropylene (PPO) moieties.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres are substantially free of aggregates.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres are substantially free of aggregation with at least one of the following: leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, serum proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, fats, or minerals.
21 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microspheres are administered to the subject parenterally.
22 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of a pyrene, an anthracene, a naphthalene, an acridine, a stilbene, an indole, an oxazole, benzoxazole, a thiazole, a benzothiazole, a 4-amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD), a carbocyanine, a carbostyryl, a porphyrin, a salicylate, an anthranilate, an azulene, a perylene, a pyridine, a quinoline, a xanthene, a borapolyazaindacine, an oxazine, a benzoxazine, a carbazine, a phenalenone, a coumarin, a benzofuran, a benzphenalenone, a semiconductor nanocrystal, and a fluorescent protein.
23 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of incubating said subject for a sufficient amount of time for the microspheres to circulate prior to illuminating the microspheres.
24 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the microspheres are used to monitor the pattern or turbulence of blood flow in the subject.
25 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is suffering from a disease associated with obstructed or abnormal blood flow.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the disease is selected from a viral infection, a bacterial infection, heart disease, cancer, ischemia, autoimmune disease, a CNS disorder, a metabolic disease, or a respiratory disease.
28 . (canceled)