Derivation of control parameters of fuel cell systems for flexible fuel operation

1. A method of operating a fuel cell system, comprising:

characterizing a fuel being provided into the fuel cell system, wherein the step of characterizing the fuel comprises obtaining a measure of a quantity of a constituent in a sample of the fuel; and

calculating fuel utilization based on characterizing the fuel;

wherein:

calculating the fuel utilization comprises calculating the fuel utilization from an average cell current, a total number of cells and available fuel;

the available fuel is calculated from fuel composition information and a fuel flow rate; and

the fuel composition information does not include stoichiometric analysis and the fuel composition information is obtained through direct detection or gathering information from a provider of the fuel.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a flow rate of water introduced into the fuel cell system; and

calculating a steam:carbon (S:C) ratio.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:

the fuel being provided into the fuel cell system comprises a mixture of two or more fuels;

the step of characterizing the fuel comprises characterizing the mixture of the two or more fuels and wherein characterizing the mixture of the two or more fuels comprises obtaining a measure of a quantity of a constituent in a sample of the fuel mixture; and

calculating the S:C ratio comprises calculating the S:C ratio based on the step of characterizing the mixture of the two or more fuels.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the two or more fuels comprise two or more fuels with distinct carbon contents, hydrogen contents, and/or oxygen contents.

5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

providing the fuel and an oxidizing gas to the fuel cell system based on the calculated S:C ratio, the fuel utilization or oxidizing gas utilization; and

generating electricity using the fuel cell system.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the S:C ratio is calculated according to the following formula: S:C ratio=Water Flow Rate/(Fuel Flow Rate*mol C/mol Fuel).

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel comprises a fuel comprising carbon and hydrogen.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, natural gas, propane, alcohol, and syngas derived from coal or natural gas reformation.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of characterizing the fuel comprises determining a composition of the fuel based on at least one of location or time of year.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the fuel being provided into the fuel cell system comprises a mixture of two or more fuels;

the step of characterizing the fuel comprises characterizing the mixture of the two or more fuels; and

the step of calculating fuel utilization comprises calculating the fuel utilization based on the step of characterizing the mixture of the two or more fuels.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the two or more fuels comprise two or more fuels with distinct carbon contents, hydrogen contents, and/or oxygen contents.

12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising characterizing an oxidizing gas, wherein:

the oxidizing gas comprises air;

local atmospheric information is used to characterize the air; and

the local atmospheric information comprises ambient temperature, ambient pressure and relative humidity.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of characterizing the fuel comprises determining at least one of moles of carbon per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel, moles of hydrogen per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel, or moles of oxygen per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel.

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising characterizing an oxidizing gas; wherein:

the step of characterizing the oxidizing gas comprises determining at least one of temperature, ambient pressure, or relative humidity from a source of weather data; and

the step of characterizing the fuel comprises determining the fuel characteristics from the fuel supply source or by measuring or testing the fuel.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the fuel cell system is a solid-oxide fuel cell system; and

a computer or a logic device performs the step of calculating.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the available fuel is further calculated from a CPOx flow rate and an oxygen content of the oxidizing gas at the CPOx.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel composition information does not include stoichiometric analysis and the fuel composition information is obtained through the direct detection.