Methods of producing sulfate salts of cations from heteroatomic compounds and dialkyl sulfates and uses thereof
Methods of preparing sulfate salts of heteroatomic compounds using dialkyl sulfates as a primary reactant are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of making ionic liquids from the sulfate salts of the heteroatomic compound, and electrochemical cells comprising the ionic liquids.
1. A method for preparing an ionic liquid that includes a heteroatomic compound comprising:
(1) reacting a heteroatomic compound with an excess of dialkyl sulfate to produce an alkylsulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound;
(2) hydrolyzing the alkylsulfate salt to produce a bisulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound;
(3) neutralizing the bisulfate salt to produce the sulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound; and
(4) reacting the sulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound with a salt of a desired anion to produce an ionic liquid comprising the cation of the heteroatomic compound and the desired anion.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heteroatomic compound is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidines, morpholines, piperidines, piperazines, quinuclidines, bicyclic amines, amidines, guanidines, alkanolamines, monoalkylamines, dialkylamines, trialkylamines, pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, pyridines, imidazopyridines, imidazopyrimidines, monoalkylphosphines, dialkylphosphines, trialkylphosphines, monoalkylphosphites, dialkylphosphites, trialkylphosphites, phosphorus monoamines, phosphorus diamines, phosphorus triamines, mercaptans, thiophenes, dihydrothiophenes, tetrahydrothiophenes, thioethers, dialkylsulfoxides, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dialkyl sulfate is represented by the formula R n OSO 2 OR z , wherein R n and R z may be the same or different and represent an alkyl group.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the symmetric dialkyl sulfate is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein hydrolyzing comprises reacting the alkylsulfate salt with water.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein hydrolyzing comprises applying heat to the reaction.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein hydrolyzing comprises producing an alcohol byproduct.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the hydrolyzing comprises removing the alcohol byproduct by distillation.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neutralizing comprises reacting a base with the bisulfate salt.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the base is sodium bicarbonate.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt of a desired anion is a sodium salt.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting the sulfate salt of the heteroatomic compound with a salt of a desired anion is performed in a mixture of an organic solvent and water.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organic solvent is an organic solvent that is at least 5 wt % soluble in water.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, reagent alcohol, diethers, cyclic ethers, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the mixture of organic solvent and water is in a ratio of approximately 2 parts organic solvent to 1 part water.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein (1)-(3) comprises:
(1) reacting N-methylmorpholine with an excess of diethylsulfate to produce the ethyl sulfate salt with the following structure:
(2) hydrolyzing the ethyl sulfate salt of N-methylmorpholine to produce the bisulfate salt with the following structure:
and
(3) neutralizing the bisulfate salt to produce N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium sulfate.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein (1)-(3) comprises:
(1) reacting N-ethylmorpholine with an excess of dimethylsulfate to produce the methyl sulfate salt with the following structure:
(2) hydrolyzing the methyl sulfate salt of N-ethylmorpholine to produce the salt with the following structure:
and
(3) neutralizing the bisulfate salt to produce N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium sulfate.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein (1)-(3) comprises:
(1) reacting 1,2-dimethylimidazole with an excess of diethylsulfate to produce the ethyl sulfate salt with the following structure:
(2) hydrolyzing the ethyl sulfate salt of 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazole to produce the bisulfate salt with the following structure:
and
(3) neutralizing the bisulfate salt to produce 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium sulfate.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein (1)-(3) comprises:
(1) reacting 3-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol with an excess of dimethylsulfate to produce the methyl sulfate salt with the following structure:
(2) hydrolyzing the methyl sulfate salt of 1-ethyl-2-methylimidazole to produce the bisulfate salt with the following structure:
and
(3) neutralizing the bisulfate salt to produce 1-propanaminium, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-N,N,N,2-tetramethyl-sulfate having the following structure: