Metal nanowire networks and transparent conductive material
Metal nanowires, such as silver nanowires coated on a substrate were fused together to form fused metal nanowire networks that have greatly improved conductivity while maintaining good transparency. Materials formed form the fused metal nanowire networks described herein can have a transparency to visible light of at least about 85% and a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 Ohms/square or a transparency to visible light of at least about 90% and a sheet resistance of no more than about 250 Ohms/square. The method of forming such a fused metal nanowire networks are disclosed that involves exposure of metal nanowires to various fusing agents on a short timescale. When formed into a film, materials comprising the metal nanowire network demonstrate low sheet resistance while maintaining desirably high levels of optical transparency, making them suitable for transparent electrode formation.
1. A material comprising a transparent conductive coating and a substrate on which the coating is supported, the coating comprising a fused elemental metal nanowire network, wherein the material has a transmittance for visible light of at least 90% and the transparent conductive coating has a sheet resistance of no more than 100 Ohms/square.
2. The material of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires fused to form the fused metal nanowire network have an aspect ratio from about 50 to about 5000 and a diameter of no more than about 250 nm.
3. The material of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires fused to form the fused metal nanowire network have an aspect ratio from about 100 to about 2000 and a diameter from about 10 nm to about 120 nm.
4. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network comprises silver, copper, gold, indium, tin, iron, titanium, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, an alloy, or combination thereof.
5. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network comprises silver.
6. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network on the substrate has a surface loading level that is about 0.1 μg/cm 2 to about 5 mg/cm 2 .
7. The material of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises glass, polymer, inorganic semiconducting material, inorganic dielectric material, laminates thereof, composites thereof or combinations thereof.
8. The material of claim 7 wherein the polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, fluoropolymer, polyamide, polyimide, polysulfone, polysiloxane, polyetheretherketone, polynorbornene, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polycarbonate, a copolymer thereof or blend thereof.
9. The material of claim 1 further comprising a polymer film overcoat.
10. The material of claim 1 having a sheet resistance of no more than 75 ohm/sq.
11. A device comprising at least one transparent electrode having a transparent conductive material comprising a fused metal nanowire network of claim 1 .
12. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network on the substrate has a surface loading level that is about 1 μg/cm 2 to about 1 mg/cm 2 .
13. The material of claim 1 having a sheet resistance of no more than 60 ohm/sq.
14. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network comprise silver and wherein the substrate comprises polymer.
15. The material of claim 14 further comprising a polymer film overcoat.
16. The material of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network comprises gold, copper, or a combination thereof.
17. The material of claim 1 wherein the material has a transmittance for visible light of at least 90.5%.