Apparatus for sensing

1. An apparatus comprising:

a first sensor arrangement configured in a first layer;

a second sensor arrangement configured in a second layer; and

an input configured to receive an input signal and an output configured to provide an output signal that depends on each of the first and second sensor arrangements;

wherein the sensor arrangements are configured to vary the input signal in response to a sensed parameter; and

wherein the apparatus comprises one or more further layers where a further sensor arrangement is configured in each of the further layers and the output signal depends on each of the first and second sensor arrangements and the further sensor arrangements.

2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 where the apparatus comprises at least one non-sensing layer.

3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

input circuitry configured to provide the input signal; and

output circuitry configured to detect a first impedance value comprising at least a real component and

configured to detect a second impedance value comprising at least an imaginary component, wherein the first component and the second component have a known phase off-set.

4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the input signal comprises a time varying component.

5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein the first impedance value comprises only a real component and the second impedance value comprises only an imaginary component, wherein the first component and the second component are in quadrature.

6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising first selection circuitry configure to selectively provide the input signal to the different selected sensor arrangements;

second selection circuitry configured to selectively provide the input signal to a first portion of the selected sensor arrangement; and

third selection circuitry configured to selectively receive the output signal from a second portion of the selected sensor arrangement, wherein the second portion overlaps the first portion of the first portion of the selected sensor arrangement.

7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the second selection circuitry is configured to sequence the first portion to which the input signal is provided through a series of different first portions of the selected sensor arrangement and the third selection circuitry is configured to sequence the second portion from which the output signal is received through a series of different second portions of the selected sensor arrangement.

8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the first portions of the selected sensor arrangement are parallel to a first direction, the second portions of the selected sensor arrangement are parallel to a second direction, and wherein the first and second directions are orthogonal.

9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

circuitry configured to process output signals from different areas of the sensor arrangements;

analysis circuitry configured to analyse the current capacitance and the current resistance for the different areas.

10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second sensor arrangement is formed on a substrate which forms the first sensor arrangement.

11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the substrata comprises a piezo-resistive substrate.

12. A method of manufacturing an apparatus comprising:

forming a first sensor arrangement configured in a first layer;

forming a second sensor arrangement configured in a second layer;

providing an input configured to receive an input signal and providing an output configured to provide an output signal that depends on each of the first and second sensor arrangements; and

forming one or more further layers where a sensor arrangement is formed in each of the further layers;

wherein the sensor arrangements are configured to vary the input signal in response to a sensed parameter.

13. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the second sensor arrangement is formed on a substrate which forms the first sensor arrangement.

14. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises a piezo-resistive substrate.

15. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the substrate is configured to be deformed in response to a force applied by the user of the apparatus.

16. An apparatus comprising:

a piezo-resistive substrate configured to have a variable resistor that varies in response to a force applied to the apparatus;

a sensor arrangement comprising at least a first sensor, a second sensor, and a third sensor mounted on the piezo-resistive substrate; and

an input configured to receive an input signal and an output configured to provide an output signal that depends upon the impedance of the piezo-resistive substrate and the parameters sensed by the first sensor, the second sensor, and the third sensor of the sensor arrangement;

wherein the sensor arrangement is configured to vary the input signal in response to a sensed parameter.

17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least one variable resistor where the variable resistor has a resistance that varies with the sensed parameter.

18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 16 wherein the sensor arrangement comprises at least one capacitive sensor where the capacitive sensor has a capacitance that varies with the sensed parameter.

19. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second sensor arrangement is formed on a piezo-resistive substrate comprising a quantum tunneling composite, and wherein a conductive layer is located underneath the piezo-resistive substrate.

20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the input comprises a first electrode on the piezo-resistive substrate and the output comprises a second electrode on the piezo-resistive substrate, and wherein a layer of material having a capacitive transduction mechanism is disposed on the first, electrode and the second electrode, wherein the transduction mechanism allows for a change in permittivity of the material based on one or more of conductivity, temperature, humidity, and pH.