Surface water filtration systems

1. A system, for filtering surface water runoff, that comprises a top plate, a main filter chamber, an enhanced media filter, a sample tube, and a sample chamber, wherein:

the main filter chamber and the enhanced media filter are shaped for mounting into a storm drain that comprises a surface water entry orifice;

the top plate is shaped to fit within a perimeter of the surface water entry orifice and comprises a surface water intake opening;

the top plate, the main filter chamber, and the enhanced media filter are positioned in the system such that the enhanced media filter is below the main filter chamber and the main filter chamber is below the top plate;

the main filter chamber comprises one or more vertically tiered filters in a side wall of the main filter chamber;

the main filter chamber is configured to channel surface water, which has passed through the surface water intake opening, through the one or more filters operative to provide a filtration of particulate materials out of the surface water;

the enhanced media filter comprises at least one layer comprised of a solid state media or a granular media and is configured to channel surface water that has passed through the main filter chamber through the at least one solid state or granular layer, which is operative to remove from the surface water that flows through the enhanced media filter substantial amounts of suspended or dissolved fine sediments, pollutants, metals, nutrients, bacteria, pesticides, hydrocarbons, organics, oxygen demanding substances, hydrocarbons, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, or combinations thereof;

the sample chamber: is attached to the bottom of the enhanced media filter; comprises a storage cavity; is located below the enhanced media filter; and is configured to channel water that has passed through the enhanced media filter into the storage cavity and to allow for the insertion of the second end of the tube into the storage cavity;

the sample tube comprises a first end, a second end, a width, and an intervening length between the first and second ends, the intervening length sufficient to allow the first end to be inserted into the sample chamber at the same time that the second end is positioned above the top plate;

the width of the tube is configured to allow for facile pumping of water samples from the storage reservoir to a collection vessel; and

the sample tube and the sample chamber are operative to allow for collecting, from a position above the surface water entry orifice and at a time the main filter chamber and the enhanced media are mounted in the storm drain, a sample of water that has passed through the enhanced media filter of the system.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the main filter chamber comprises two or more filters in a vertically tiered arrangement, from bottom to top, of increasingly finer perforation or mesh, and wherein the vertically tiered arrangement is operative to provide a graduated filtration of particulate materials out of the surface water, and wherein the two or more filters are comprised of perforated metal, perforated plastic, perforated wood, wire mesh, plastic mesh, or combinations thereof.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the at least one layer comprises the solid state media, and wherein the solid state media comprises spun fibers of organic and inorganic material that resemble a fabric or insulation.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the at least one layer comprises the granular media, and wherein the granular media comprises perlite, zeolite, carbon, ceramic aggregate, activated alumina, sand, or combinations thereof.

5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the main filter chamber further comprises a main filter chamber high-flow bypass.

6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the main filter chamber further comprises a splash shield.

7. The system of claim 2 , wherein the top plate further comprises a hydrocarbon ring.

8. The system of claim 2 , wherein the enhanced media filter comprises a removable top cover, and wherein the removable top cover is comprised of perforated metal, perforated plastic, wire mesh, or plastic mesh.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one layer comprises the solid state media, and wherein the solid state media comprises spun fibers of organic and inorganic material that resemble a fabric or insulation.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one layer comprises the granular media, and wherein the granular media comprises perlite, zeolite, carbon, ceramic aggregate, activated alumina, sand, or combinations thereof.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein perimeter dimensions of the main chamber filter substantially match perimeter dimensions of the enhanced media filter.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the main filter chamber further comprises a main filter chamber high-flow bypass.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the main filter chamber further comprises a splash shield.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the top plate further comprises a hydrocarbon ring.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the hydrocarbon ring comprises a hydrocarbon medium selected from vermiculites; sands; oleophilic clays; tree barks; silicates; monopolymers or copolymers of styrene, pentadiene, cyclopentadiene, butylene, ethylene, isoprene, butadiene, propylene; and combinations thereof.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the enhanced media filter comprises a removable top cover, and wherein the removable top cover is comprised of perforated metal, perforated plastic, wire mesh, or plastic mesh.

17. The system of claim 1 , wherein perimeter dimensions of the sample chamber are equal to or less than perimeter dimensions of the enhanced media filter.

18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sample chamber comprises a drain.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises a sample chamber high-flow bypass outlet.