Lithium-ion battery having interpenetrating electrodes
A lithium-ion battery including an electrodeposited anode material having a micron-scale, three-dimensional porous foam structure separated from interpenetrating cathode material that fills the void space of the porous foam structure by a thin solid-state electrolyte which has been reductively polymerized onto the anode material in a uniform and pinhole free manner, which will significantly reduce the distance which the Li-ions are required to traverse upon the charge/discharge of the battery cell over other types of Li-ion cell designs, and a procedure for fabricating the battery are described. The interpenetrating three-dimensional structure of the cell will also provide larger energy densities than conventional solid-state Li-ion cells based on thin-film technologies. The electrodeposited anode may include an intermetallic composition effective for reversibly intercalating Li-ions.
1. A lithium-ion battery comprising in combination:
a three-dimensional conducting porous foam current collector, having constant conductivity in the presence of lithium atoms or ions, and having an intermetallic material electrodeposited thereon, forming thereby a porous anode;
an integral separator and solid-state electrolyte, comprising at least one polyphosphazene, conformally electrodeposited onto said anode for providing high resistance to electrical current and lithe resistance to the passage of lithium ions; and
cathode material filling the pores in said coated anode.
2. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the intermetallic material comprises Cu 2 Sb.
3. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein said conducting porous foam comprises metals chosen from copper and nickel.
4. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein said at least one polyphosphazene comprises polyhexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
5. The lithium-ion battery of claim 4 , wherein the polyhexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is corsslinked.
6. The lithium-ion battery of claim 5 , wherein the crosslinker comprises 1,4-naphthoquinone.
7. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein said solid-state electrolyte is reductively polymerized onto said anode.
8. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein said cathode material is chosen from at least one of LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 1.42 Ni 0.42 Co 0.6 O 4 , Li 1.5 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 2.5 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
9. The lithium-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said cathode material further comprises a binder.
10. The lithium-ion battery of claim 9 , wherein the binder comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
11. The lithium-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said cathode material further comprises a carbon-based conducting additive.
12. The lithium-ion battery of claim 11 , wherein the carbon-based additive comprises graphite.
13. A lithium-ion battery comprising in combination:
an electrodeposited intermetallic, three-dimensional porous foam anode, which does not support dendritic growth of metallic lithium;
an integral separator and solid-state electrolyte, comprising at least one polyphosphazene, conformally electrodeposited onto said anode material for providing high resistance to electrical current and little resistance to the passage of lithium ions; and
cathode material filling the pores of said coated anode.
14. The lithium-ion battery of claim 13 , wherein the intermetallic anode comprises Cu 2 Sb.
15. The lithium-ion battery of claim 14 , wherein said Cu 2 Sb is doped with a metallic element.
16. The lithium-ion battery of claim 15 , wherein said metallic element is chosen from copper and nickel.
17. The lithium-ion battery of claim 13 , wherein said at least one polyphosphazene comprises polyhexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
18. The lithium-ion battery of claim 17 , wherein the polyhexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is corsslinked.
19. The lithium-ion battery of claim 18 , wherein the crosslinker comprises 1,4-naphthoquinone.
20. The lithium-ion battery of claim 13 , wherein said solid-state electrolyte is reductively polymerized onto said anode.
21. The lithium-ion battery of claim 13 , wherein said cathode material is chosen from at least one of LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 1.42 Ni 0.42 Co 0.5 O 4 , Li 1.5 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 2.5 ,LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
22. The lithium-ion battery of claim 21 , wherein said cathode material further comprises a binder.
23. The lithium-ion battery of claim 22 , wherein the binder comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
24. The lithium-ion battery of claim 21 , wherein said cathode material further comprises a carbon-based conducting additive.
25. The lithium-ion battery of claim 24 , wherein the carbon-based additive comprises graphite.